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The Big List of Free MMORPG Games

Published by Vinakro on May 1, 2007 in Online

Don’t like paying every month for MMORPG’s? Bored? My list has over two dozen free MMORPG games you can play!

Can’t afford paying every month for games like WoW or Lineage II? You don’t have to. There are free MMORPGs out in the net. A lot of them are fun to play, and will last a while. But to play it you need to download the client, and register an account on their sites first. This is a list of all the FREE MMORPG games I have played (In no particular Order):

Tags: client, computer, download, F2P, free, Game, internet, Online, Play, RuneScape, Silkroad, WoW

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140 Comments

Talon

Posted May 26, 2007 at 11:16 pm

Most of these are FPS…….. >>
...

Posted June 1, 2007 at 4:03 pm

Try Soldier Front or Gunz or Gunbound at ijji.com
zxcbn5

Posted June 27, 2007 at 8:52 am

this website stinks
god2u

Posted July 27, 2007 at 9:27 am

runescape is good i played it 4 3 months its good but i need better just long is adictive.
...

Posted August 4, 2007 at 2:47 pm

conquers pretty kool havnt tried eudemons yet heard it was good as well
ÉrrÖr

Posted August 10, 2007 at 10:08 pm

Runescape is by far. the best game on this page.I’v played for about two years and is a great game.
Syntax

Posted August 12, 2007 at 2:53 pm

This website is retarted half the games arnt even MMORPGs there turn based startegy or 3rd/1st person shooters
Ultotron

Posted September 14, 2007 at 10:34 pm

WDF im looking for GAMES TO NOT DOWNLOAD NO DOWNLOAD!!! GET THAT IN UR HEAD FK TARD!
simzz

Posted September 15, 2007 at 2:09 am

ultotron are u retarted or just a tk if u want a good game 9 outa 10 u need to download it so get ova it.
neji

Posted September 21, 2007 at 11:30 pm

yo sum of these crapy games arnt even mmorpg games runescape is both stratagey and mmorpg hopefully i wont click another non mmorpg games
neji

Posted September 21, 2007 at 11:34 pm

wait,wait,wait, i have do download the ******* client!?i hate that they take up to much space i downloaded scorched 3d and went to play runescape it wouldnt load left it on for an hour still didnt now that i uninstalled it it loads
neji

Posted September 21, 2007 at 11:38 pm

wait,wait,wait, i have do download the ******* client!?i hate that they take up to much space i downloaded scorched 3d and went to play runescape it wouldnt load left it on for an hour still didnt now that i uninstalled it it loads
noah

Posted September 24, 2007 at 12:41 pm

it os fun
noah

Posted September 24, 2007 at 12:41 pm

it os fun
link

Posted October 3, 2007 at 6:26 pm

lol these games arent even mmorpg and i quit runescape
hunter

Posted October 6, 2007 at 11:21 am

man play conquer online i played for 1 1/2 years then i quit 2 months latter im back and i play for like 1/2 year i quit 3 week later i cant find any thing better so im going back
yoyo

Posted October 6, 2007 at 1:41 pm

damn cabal is cool but i downloaded and i getted a virus so downloading NO WAY i want something free with no DOWNLOAD
C@llum

Posted October 21, 2007 at 2:59 pm

is there any good MMORPG Games that you dont download??
peace dove

Posted November 10, 2007 at 9:29 pm

i bet you have to download all these games but runescape -.- some people dont have good enough computers for donloading this stuff try listing games you dont have to download.ok? thanks ^.^
dead

Posted November 17, 2007 at 11:03 pm

this one is free no download and fun too. FallenSword RPG - Play online now free!
Vinakro

Posted November 22, 2007 at 6:05 am

In a few months time, I’m gonna submit a new list with new games. If anyone wants to give suggestions please do.
|Zyu(gawish30)

Posted November 23, 2007 at 7:43 am

runescape best game i am play runescape and eud and conquer and silkroad and kal and zero but runescape still best game i think if conquer and eudemons and all get new gm wll be cool like runescape
RunescapePlyr

Posted November 24, 2007 at 7:23 am

dude!!!!! the best game here is Runescape u only need java to play it and it has lots of skills and monsters and everyyear theres lots of holiday parties and even birthdays u gotta play runescape the best game ive eva played
bramosmuPlayer

Posted November 25, 2007 at 4:26 pm

coowlest game in the world is bramosmu think me. i dont see it here. i just tell so you know
dolly

Posted December 1, 2007 at 5:37 pm

runescape is wickid…one of the best on the net…the chat is tops tooo…well worth it x
john

Posted December 2, 2007 at 3:52 pm

runescape is the best game EVER!!!!!!!!!you gotta try it.I feel bad for everyone who hast played it.
LOnesome

Posted December 9, 2007 at 8:08 pm

Sheesh Runescape has horrible graphics
best 1 there is maplestory or gunz
but of course u have to download it
danie 2crown

Posted December 12, 2007 at 9:31 pm

try gaiaonline it’s no download or personal info. you just log in an play ^^ and it has a virtual avitar chat room. check it out!!
games r fun

Posted December 29, 2007 at 11:49 pm

the best game on their is silkroad
but runescape is pretty good too
Red Star

Posted December 30, 2007 at 12:44 pm

try regnum online its awsome…
pwn u

Posted January 20, 2008 at 1:59 pm

this web site dosent have that many grat games i played runescape and its so easy 2 hack i hacked i mahmata i
Ephraim

Posted January 26, 2008 at 9:35 pm

RunseScape is good for a non-downloadable game.

However even those games that aren’t biger than 10MB in size can easily beat it, not ot mention Granado Espada or Dream Of Mirror Online that makes RS look pathetic!

So, instead of wasting yoru time with RS, get a good anti virus, and go on a game hunt. May I recommend RF online, Archlord, Silkroad Online, DOMO, Rappelz, or Last Chaos? they’re all free, safe download, and all work on crappy computers.
gbaby

Posted January 27, 2008 at 3:49 pm

so if there are any games like runescape that involve only a small download can someone pleaze tell me about some
aaaa

Posted March 26, 2008 at 2:44 pm

try Anarchy Online, its a great Game…and its 4 free…
Kanganas

Posted April 7, 2008 at 11:59 pm

Theres this GREAT MMORPG called I LOVE MEN Online.

You get to have fun with real life players such as KANGANAS!!
COOL GAMER#1

Posted April 11, 2008 at 8:55 pm

HHHHMMMMM….?
WoWplyer

Posted April 15, 2008 at 7:01 pm

quicklist of games not listed

9Dragons
Anarchy Online
Second Life
Dungeon Runners
Scions of Fate
kakashi

Posted April 18, 2008 at 11:28 pm

lol i still plat runescape
kakashi

Posted April 18, 2008 at 11:32 pm

i mean play
roby

Posted April 20, 2008 at 11:44 am

runescape is pathetic with no pk or trade now i quit n giving away high lvl acc….
roby

Posted April 20, 2008 at 11:46 am

only lvl 86 but he has 15 mil n 87 wc so message on this forum if u want
hehe

Posted May 4, 2008 at 3:44 am

plz gimme youre acc
omg

Posted May 15, 2008 at 5:55 pm

omg guys
RUNESCAPE SUKS!!!!!!!!!!!!
END OF STORY

it just suks get over it
Dark Triforce

Posted May 16, 2008 at 8:41 am

I can’t download anything on this computer ’cause it’s my mom’s and she won’t let me…. And my computer stinks and we have dial-up…. I wanna play a multiplayer game but I’m not crazy about RuneScape… It’s really limited…

Does anyone know of a game that is a really small download but also really good? There probably isn’t but I may as well ask.
Raiyuden

Posted May 19, 2008 at 5:12 am

Lol why are you guys fussing bout them all being strategy unless your too stupid and dont know how to use strategy just stfu because he did what he said he would do. And thats to list a whole bunch of free mmorpg’s
mr. meh

Posted June 7, 2008 at 11:16 pm

hey long story short i have a very crappy computer so downloads are out. second of all runescape hate it, does anyone, anyone at all know a good game that is free and you don’t have to download if so please tell me….
seriously

Posted June 16, 2008 at 10:09 pm

dude you have to install and download half of these games how are they like runescape 3 letters 2 you

wtf
seriously

Posted June 16, 2008 at 10:10 pm

i mean that
runescapedude

Posted June 18, 2008 at 5:31 pm

omg mostly all theses games u need to download and i have been playing rune scape for 2 and ahalf years and its the best game that i can find that doesnt require a stupid download…
runescapedude

Posted June 18, 2008 at 5:35 pm

im effin tired of downloading games that is why i like runescape so much for god sack u stupid games that effin require downloads
Nobody

Posted June 26, 2008 at 6:46 am

#28 by danie 2crown, Dec 12, 2007
try gaiaonline it’s no download or personal info. you just log in an play ^^ and it has a virtual avitar chat room. check it out!!

Gaia Online stinks as hell….It’s like Facebook except you have a cartoonic character. Earning gold, it’s impossible to even earn 2000 a day unless you’re rich. And the mini games, they’re horrible. Don’t try this game if you’re not a Facebook or Hi5 freaK!
booobs

Posted June 29, 2008 at 12:12 am

You guys are just spoiled brats
Stripey

Posted June 29, 2008 at 7:39 pm

If you want any good game, you’re going to have to download it, guys. It’s just a simple fact you have to face.

If you don’t want to download a client, then try Runescape. I played it for years; believe it or not, that game taught me how to type my 120 WPM! It’s impossibly addicting, and if you get into it, the membership is very cheap ($5 a month), and it’s worth it.
jacoooo

Posted June 29, 2008 at 8:50 pm

anybody got a good runscape acoount i can have for free my mem just got hacked and now i got nothing
Retarted

Posted July 5, 2008 at 3:39 pm

the web is retarted
mr i know everything

Posted July 10, 2008 at 6:48 am

i love men online why the heck they call it they why is only for gey people?
Ali

Posted July 22, 2008 at 8:11 am

Runescape is by far the best game to play. it has over 1 mill players
Brendan

Posted August 5, 2008 at 5:12 am

Wat about shaiya does anyone play that
matt :)

Posted August 8, 2008 at 9:55 am

plat sherwood it’s a non-downloadable no persanol info. you just log in and you’re set to go.

Oh yea go on server emerald and my name is quantom
XD runescape blows

Posted August 11, 2008 at 1:53 am

y would anyone wanna play runescape graphic blow i just look at update and u look totally lame with the fat azz armor lol they would hav to pay me to play that game for more than a few min XD. of course you hav to download for a game with actual good graphic or everygame is as crappy as runescape.( if u cant even play downloaded games then pay maybe $20 to get som RAM heck you pay for runescape XD)
faris

Posted August 16, 2008 at 3:10 am

no rohan online
faris

Posted August 16, 2008 at 3:11 am

play rohan online
wed

Posted August 19, 2008 at 8:10 pm

Where’s Fiesta?!

It’s my favorite free MMORPG and they have free expansions and new content coming out all the time.

Check it out at http://fiesta.outspark.com
mariel

Posted August 23, 2008 at 7:37 am

this is crazy how can play or open this game
man

Posted August 23, 2008 at 7:41 am

he try KUMA GAMES . COM what a multiplayer games over 125 episodes
Kevin

Posted August 31, 2008 at 4:38 pm

cool ill try a couple you see ive been looking for MMORPG but i think i found one thanx!!!!
MAOSHAN (^_^)

Posted September 8, 2008 at 10:20 pm

global.4story.com
Game Type: 3d MMORPG
Free for Play
Description: Three kingdoms are facing each other without a bit of yield, advocating history and truth of those three kingdoms. One hero, who is born to figure out the truth that was buried in hundreds of thousands of years, is you who jumped into this world of chaos. Quests that surpass space and time, fading from past to future, even into memories of others. Large scaled war system placed everyday and everywhere simultaneously.
SamuRy

Posted September 13, 2008 at 11:31 pm

^^^^ free and no download ^^^^
Christian

Posted September 18, 2008 at 3:56 pm

Rubies of Eventide got better than flyff? Alright, flyff isn’t that great, but rubies of eventide sucked. The movement was jolted, the combat system was poor (for the 5 minutes I played it before closing out and uninstalling it) and over all was just a terrible game.
RacSac

Posted September 19, 2008 at 2:14 am

http://www.fallensword.com/?ref=1931345

free download, free mmorpg… best online
new mmorpg

Posted October 6, 2008 at 2:26 pm

http://dyzonwar.co.cc/
iLikeGames

Posted October 13, 2008 at 8:02 pm

wow everyones so critical. though it is hard to find a game that doesn’t require a download, there is some out there. and whether it is good or not, that is up to you, just do a little research to find them.
Some Guy

Posted October 15, 2008 at 2:37 pm

Dark orbit is pretty fun if you get into it. Kinda like RS in that you don’t have to pay except for the better stuff and they don’t have any download from what I remember.
Isolated

Posted October 16, 2008 at 3:07 pm

†For everybody out there who has crappy computers or dial-up try a download torrent. And for the r-tards that say strategy isn’t rpg, Final Fantasy is strategic.†
Isolated

Posted October 16, 2008 at 3:14 pm

o and check out aeria games if u get the chance, especially (Last Chaos)
tessa

Posted October 17, 2008 at 9:26 am

look for Shaiya… that is the best game… just try it out and you are hooked…
Jessica

Posted October 22, 2008 at 5:33 pm

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ no download you dont even have to sign up
Maan

Posted October 22, 2008 at 10:06 pm

No download here is in 1million years!
you said no downlaod!
tgyivhbhkvbhlj

Posted October 28, 2008 at 10:36 pm

huoguoygyuo
anomous

Posted October 29, 2008 at 4:30 pm

everyone ad ar the 1 and cokey61 on runscape peace out brothers…..lolol
mr.X

Posted November 1, 2008 at 10:06 am

did anybody da ar hte 1and cokey61
seafight.com

Posted November 3, 2008 at 9:12 am

if you want no downloads and likes games in the sea. =)
try playing seafight.com
-No downloads needed
-its for free (unless you want to have better stuff).
-JUST CHECK IT OUT!

seafight.com
Gamergirl84

Posted November 8, 2008 at 4:10 pm

im gamergirl84 on runescape, lvl 49 and i
gamergirl84

Posted November 8, 2008 at 4:11 pm

love runescape!
its a 10/10!
rs nas nws

Posted November 25, 2008 at 8:50 pm

i bored so im jionin ur chat ok…u got a problem with that!?

i is sad…
any 1 who plays rs plz plz add me i gots like 60 friends but they never talk and most r annoying. and my only good friends on rs r ppl i no from schoo. ad me plz.

o and acceptina ALL runescape challenges. so if u wanna good fight ad me.:)

o and in case ur wondering i am nas nws on rs. c ya ppl
(i’ll still b here i am a very very bored person)
Tyke

Posted December 6, 2008 at 12:44 am

Try http://www.mixmaster.com.au ………
please play this online game
Monsters,items,swords,guns,arrows,knuckles,potion and much much more!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
a guy with no life

Posted December 7, 2008 at 12:46 am

there is a mmorpg game that is free and requires no download it is sherwood dungeon hope you like it the link is freewebs.com/dwarr
NanAnaNanAnaheyheyheyhgoodbye

Posted December 17, 2008 at 4:13 pm

they all suck… i played them all and if u have a life you’d be making money to play WoW.. .5/10 for them all!
rs best

Posted December 28, 2008 at 10:17 pm

runescape is the best obnline game and got best graphics ever and i give rs 10/10 if u wanna add me ADD attacker7129 if u wanna see me online in seers village and rs the best
rs best

Posted December 28, 2008 at 10:22 pm

i mean online not obnline
jad

Posted December 31, 2008 at 3:40 am

put sherwood also its at maidmarian.com. its a gooooood game to try.
person

Posted January 10, 2009 at 11:07 pm

runescape is good at first but starts to get boring and fking sux when u get ur acc hacked, warrock was ok, maplestory was fun and gunz is an awsome game u need some skill to play it altough a good connection too, infact u need a good connection to play all of them =[ sux to have a sucky connection
james

Posted January 25, 2009 at 1:31 am

runescape crapscape i like graphics on games mostly 9dragons is one of my favourite games. i Also like them games were you play a character and i like them with tutorials at th beginning
ihaters

Posted January 30, 2009 at 4:20 pm

runescape is non adicive it is boring fter 40th lvl and can suk FIESTa hairy balls
Corum

Posted February 4, 2009 at 4:38 pm

u guys should quit geyscape (runescape) and come play corum online

thats wat i did and i will nvr regret the decision
ramzi

Posted February 4, 2009 at 11:31 pm

does any 1 know what game or games that are free non downloadable
kenny

Posted February 6, 2009 at 8:29 am

I wonder if there’s a really fun multiplayer online game here.
kingverch

Posted February 7, 2009 at 1:36 am

does anyone think martial heroes is good, i wanna kno before i download it. By the way, runescape graphics sucks.
gAMERX

Posted February 14, 2009 at 3:25 am

f2p NO download: basically search for browser based games. Here are a few ocial games withgames within them that you can play:

Smallworlds- Social game with your own home space an items that you ca buy and use.

sociotowns
gaia,Zomg(rpg for gaia)
habbohotel
pieter

Posted February 16, 2009 at 8:23 pm

i play flyff v12 v12 wow is en fun geam Perfect World is big luks fun xhia fun dont play often i hav e 1000gb hard drive voor al the mmorpg i dnwoload 15 instalers an instald al i mij list instald 33.2 gig big and instalers 10 gig

1.flyff 2.Rappelz
3.Upshiftsetup 4.S4League
5.S4League 6.Xiah
7.4story 8.Perfect World
9.Metin2 10.Last Chaos

not on mij list jet 1.9dragons
2.martial heroes
11.Rakion 12.CorumOnline
13.TalesRunner 14.saga online
15.Shaiya 16.TmForever (race geam no mmorpg free geam)
money

Posted February 22, 2009 at 6:52 pm

hey everybody play adventure quedst worlds its free and no download plus its multiplayer and really fun.i hope you join
BARAKUS

Posted February 24, 2009 at 12:02 pm

darkwarriors is free browser mmorpg….highly addictive.NO download!!
if you join,look up clan fallout! were always lookin for good players!
BARAKUS

Posted February 24, 2009 at 12:05 pm

heres a link:http://www2.dark-warriors.net/register.php?ref=271326
seth

Posted March 6, 2009 at 1:35 pm

hey everbody just wanted to say thank u i was in atlanta
somedude

Posted March 8, 2009 at 1:56 pm

i want to play a completely free ,no download spacegame where you control everything i mean every aspect down to the exact design of your soldiers and ships and where you can jump into 3rd person combat with your soldiers and or your starships and fly them around.i thought i found one once a game called space odyssey and It sucks no real combat you don’t even help win you juist either win itf your badass or lose if your a noob and you get attacked even when your offline i need a game like a combination like star wars battlefron 2 +battlestations midway with sins of a solar empire and age of empires
wolfpwner

Posted March 14, 2009 at 11:01 pm

conquer 2.0 is the best game on that list
runescape player

Posted March 21, 2009 at 2:02 pm

iv played runescape 4 like 2 years

this year it would be 3 years

i gotta admit it gets addictive

im lookin 4 a new game kinda like it cuz im kinda tired of it
runescape hater

Posted March 26, 2009 at 3:09 pm

i hate runescape i playd it and it horrible
ratchet an clank

Posted March 26, 2009 at 7:32 pm

seriously people you guys should play lunia or fiesta all from ijji.com
ratchet an clank

Posted March 26, 2009 at 7:34 pm

i am changing this name to clank so i am the same person as rachet an clank
clank

Posted March 26, 2009 at 7:35 pm

whats your favorite mmorpg?
i have da answer

Posted March 30, 2009 at 11:23 am

omg this game RULES my ass off! play Quake 3 on Pc and yes its only 10$ but hey all u need 2 do is install and there u go!
D gaia

Posted March 30, 2009 at 11:24 am

PLay Quake it rules!
this website stinks badly!

Posted April 1, 2009 at 2:36 pm

atleast show some pictures……omfg
icemaster

Posted April 2, 2009 at 4:34 pm

They forgot adventure quest worlds and runescape stink.
-.-

Posted April 6, 2009 at 12:25 pm

this frieken sucks man U NEED TO PUT BETTER ONES UP!!!!!!!!
KingAbo

Posted April 10, 2009 at 3:45 pm

runescape ok conquer pretty good knight online somewhat better. Knight Online is like the best up there but conquer is good too.
a person

Posted April 17, 2009 at 4:21 pm

go to http://www.aqworlds.com its free + no download
poprockskid

Posted April 22, 2009 at 6:36 pm

Free Games at ROBLOX. Check out what I have been building lately thers the link

its fun AND LIKE LEGO ITS CALED ROBLOX
icemaster

Posted April 24, 2009 at 9:08 pm

The best browsers free mmorpg is aqworld and the rest is weird looking mmorpgs.Check http://www.freebrowsersgamer.com/2008/12/browser-based-games-top-10.html!
Ha

Posted April 25, 2009 at 3:21 am
Ha

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Posted April 25, 2009 at 3:24 am

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try www.aqworlds.com

Posted April 26, 2009 at 1:45 pm

http://www.aqworlds.com is free with no download there is also http://www.battleon.com it`s not a mmorpg but its still fun and so is http://www.mechquest.com and http://www.dragonfable.com not to mention in case you`re retarded http://www.runescape.com or http://www.runescape.co.uk now im off to go try fallensword I heard thats also a really good mmorpg so i`m gonna go see if it`s any good at all cya
wow player

Posted April 26, 2009 at 1:50 pm

hey guys lol I did`nt mean to make that my name for the comment anyway um ya I`ll keep on commenting if I find any good games and I`ll tell you as soon as I find out if fallensword is any good at all cya
zeno101

Posted April 29, 2009 at 11:15 am

man, there arent too many free mmo’s out there. i would suggest darkorbit. it’s addictive for the first few months, but i don’t really play it too much anymore. Its free and u dont have to download anything. unless u get hooked in the begining u wont like it cuz it takes a while to lvl up after about lvl 7. Also, if there are any mmo’s i find, ill recommend them here.
beast flyff gamer

Posted May 1, 2009 at 11:34 pm

QQQQQQQQQQQQQ!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!
1111111111111111!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!1!!!wjkhsjqtwyrdytrdtrDTARDTARDEDRSAuytrq67trq6rdw6rdq76rwd6rwudtrastrduyrsdytard7r2387tfwt6et6etd6etd6etd6etd6etd6et6det6dte6dte6dte6td8w7twe87qt7dtew8f76tew7yfteytfeytfystdystd9sydtsuatiutsawsedrftghjkas4edrftgyhuji64dasrdw6srfqwtdfsdfghujisdfghujasftyuartyuaesrdfyguhijedrs9yctgystfdcytsdfua
supersexy

Posted May 3, 2009 at 5:32 pm

runescape sucks, u hit like every 1 second
other games u hit crazily fast like 2 through 10 hit a second
graphic is bad too in runescape, even if u click hd
hd my ass
sergio rios, u suck
Harzez Yo send me on Dark Age of Camelot

Posted May 6, 2009 at 8:10 pm

Runescape is good and i played 4 years and only got a level 42 Draz926 so i guess Runescape is one of the best Games and plus If anyone plays Daoc just send me
Rodco2

Posted May 8, 2009 at 3:16 am

hey runescape is the best game in the world u can dfo everything there and my runescape name is Roco 2
john

Posted May 13, 2009 at 8:02 pm

try to go at http://www.freemmogamer.com they have a big list to
Badulski101

Posted May 17, 2009 at 10:25 pm

Can you make an mmorpg games with no download???? pls………….
ur mum

Posted May 26, 2009 at 1:18 pm

ur gay yagmes kok
SnipeTech

Posted May 27, 2009 at 10:56 am

SEAFIGHTS…You have to play it at least once, and i promise youll like it if you dont call and ill let you yell at me (870) 639-3455
Ha

Posted May 31, 2009 at 3:11 am

You can support Wikipedia by making a tax-deductible donation.
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[Help us with translations!]
Line of succession to the British throne
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The Royal Arms of the United Kingdom (as displayed outside Scotland) since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837, featuring the arms of England in the first and third quarter, Scotland in the second, and Ireland in the fourth.
Electress Sophia of Hanover.

The line of succession to the British Throne is a partial list of the people in line to succeed to the throne of the United Kingdom. The succession is regulated by the Act of Settlement 1701, the Royal Marriages Act 1772 and common law.[1]

The line of succession is restricted to the heirs of the Electress Sophia of Hanover, as determined by male-preference primogeniture, religion, and legitimate birth:

* A person is always immediately followed in the succession by his or her own legitimate descendants (his or her line) except for any legitimate descendants who already appear higher in the line of succession. Birth order and gender matter: older sons (and their lines) come before younger sons (and theirs); a person’s sons (and their lines), irrespective of age, all come before his or her daughters (and their lines).[2]
* The monarch must be a Protestant at the time of accession, and enter into communion with the Church of England after accession.[2]
* Anyone who is Roman Catholic, becomes Roman Catholic, or marries a Roman Catholic is permanently excluded from the succession.[2]
* A person born to parents who are not married to each other at the time of birth (a bastard) is not included in the line of succession. The subsequent marriage of the parents does not alter this.[3] Under British law, a child born to a married woman is assumed to be the child of her husband.

Apart from identifying the next monarch, the line of succession is also used to select the Counsellors of State (and a regent if the need arises) under the provisions of the Regency Act 1937.[4]

The first seven positions in the line of succession have remained unchanged since the birth of Princess Eugenie in March 1990.

For past versions of the line, see History of the British line of succession.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Format of the list
* 2 Line of succession
o 2.1 Descendants of George II (1683–1760)
+ 2.1.1 Descendants of Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1844–1900)
# 2.1.1.1 Descendants of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught (1850–1942)
* 2.1.1.1.1 Descendants of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (1853–1884)
* 2.1.1.1.2 Descendants of Victoria, Princess Royal later German Empress (1840–1901)
* 2.1.1.1.3 Descendants of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (1843–1878)
* 2.1.1.1.4 Descendants of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom (1846–1923)
* 2.1.1.1.5 Descendants of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (1848–1939)
* 2.1.1.1.6 Descendants of Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom (1857–1944)
# 2.1.1.2 Descendants of Ernest Augustus I of Hanover (1771–1851)
# 2.1.1.3 Descendants of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (1774–1850)
+ 2.1.2 Descendants of Princess Augusta of Great Britain (1737–1813)
+ 2.1.3 Descendants of Caroline Matilda of Wales (1751–1775)
+ 2.1.4 Descendants of William V of Orange (1748–1806)
+ 2.1.5 Descendants of Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (1743–1787)
# 2.1.5.1 Descendants of Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg (1797–1829)
# 2.1.5.2 Descendants of Princess Wilhelmine Louise of Nassau-Weilburg
# 2.1.5.3 Descendants of Princess Amalie of Nassau-Weilburg
# 2.1.5.4 Descendants of Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg
+ 2.1.6 Descendants of Princess Mary (1723–1772)
+ 2.1.7 Descendants of Princess Louise (1724–1751)
o 2.2 Descendants of Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (1687–1757)
+ 2.2.1 Descendants of Frederick William II of Prussia (1744–1797)
+ 2.2.2 Descendants of Wilhelmina of Prussia (1751–1820)
+ 2.2.3 Descendants of Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1772–1806)
+ 2.2.4 Descendants of August of Prussia (1779–1843)
+ 2.2.5 Descendants of Luise of Prussia (1770–1836)
+ 2.2.6 Descendants of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (1735–1806)
+ 2.2.7 Descendants of Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1739–1807)
+ 2.2.8 Descendants of Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1746–1840)
+ 2.2.9 Descendants of Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1736–1798)
+ 2.2.10 Descendants of Luise of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1736–1798)
+ 2.2.11 Descendants of King Gustav III of Sweden (1746–1792)
o 2.3 Descendants of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (1668–1705)
+ 2.3.1 Descendants of King Frederick William I of Prussia (1688–1740)
* 3 Consorts in the line of succession
* 4 Other monarchs in the line of succession
* 5 Other royal and princely houses in the line
* 6 Former lines of succession to the throne
* 7 Statistical tables
* 8 References
o 8.1 Footnotes
* 9 See also

Format of the list

This list is sectioned roughly every other generation with some exceptions. Boldfaced explanations show how the people in the following block descend from the Electress Sophia of Hanover.

Individuals who are descended from the Electress Sophia, but are excluded from the line of succession for various reasons are marked with an asterisk “*”.

Superscript letters are placed after a name to indicate the source of the name or the reason for exclusion from the line of succession.

Names with superscript letter B are listed at The Official Web Site of the British Monarchy, “Succession”.
Names with superscript letter R are listed by William Addams Reitwiesner, “Persons Eligible to Succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001″.
Names with superscript letter W are listed by Dan Willis, The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain (Baltimore: Clearfield, 2002) or in its online updates.
Names with superscript letters XMP are excluded on account of marriage to a Roman Catholic (papist).[5]
Names with superscript letters XP are excluded on account of being a Roman Catholic (papist).[5]
Names with superscript letters XI are excluded in accordance with the general interpretation of English Common Law by which illegitimate children have no rights of succession to the British Crown. Illegitimate children whose parents later marry do not thereby gain any succession rights to the British Crown.[3]

Line of succession

Descendants of George II (1683–1760)

1.

Current monarch: HM Queen Elizabeth II (born 1926)

Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Edward VII → George V → George VI → Elizabeth II
HRH The Prince of Wales, the Heir Apparent.
1. HRH The Prince of Wales B (The Prince Charles; b 1948), son of Queen Elizabeth II
2. HRH Prince William of Wales B (b 1982), son of The Prince of Wales
3. HRH Prince Henry of Wales B (b 1984), son of The Prince of Wales
4. HRH The Duke of York B (The Prince Andrew; b 1960), son of Queen Elizabeth II
5. HRH Princess Beatrice of York B (b 1988), daughter of The Duke of York
6. HRH Princess Eugenie of York B (b 1990), daughter of The Duke of York
7. HRH The Earl of Wessex B (The Prince Edward; b 1964), son of Queen Elizabeth II
8. Viscount Severn B (b 2007), son of The Earl of Wessex
9. Lady Louise Windsor B (b 2003), daughter of The Earl of Wessex
10. HRH The Princess Royal B (The Princess Anne; b 1950), daughter of Queen Elizabeth II
11. Peter Phillips B (b 1977), son of The Princess Royal
12. Zara Phillips B (b 1981), daughter of The Princess Royal
Victoria → Edward VII → George V → George VI → Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
13. Viscount Linley B (b 1961), son of Princess Margaret
14. The Hon. Charles Armstrong-Jones B (b 1999), son of Viscount Linley
15. The Hon. Margarita Armstrong-Jones B (b 2002), daughter of Viscount Linley
16. Lady Sarah Chatto B (b 1964), daughter of Princess Margaret
17. Samuel Chatto B (b 1996), son of Lady Sarah Chatto
18. Arthur Chatto B (b 1999), son of Lady Sarah Chatto
HRH The Duke of Gloucester

Victoria → Edward VII → George V → Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
19. HRH The Duke of Gloucester B (Prince Richard; b 1944), son of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
20. Earl of Ulster B (Alexander Windsor, b 1974), son of the Duke of Gloucester
21. Lord Culloden B (Xan Windsor, b 2007), son of the Earl of Ulster
22. Lady Davina Lewis B (b 1977), daughter of the Duke of Gloucester
23. Lady Rose Gilman B (b 1980), daughter of the Duke of Gloucester
Victoria → Edward VII → George V → Prince George, Duke of Kent
24. HRH The Duke of Kent B (Prince Edward; b 1935), son of Prince George, Duke of Kent

* Earl of St Andrews R XMP (George Windsor, b 1962), son of the Duke of Kent
* Lord Downpatrick R XP (Edward Windsor, b 1988), son of George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews
* Lady Marina-Charlotte Windsor R XP (b 1992), daughter of George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews

25. Lady Amelia Windsor B (b 1995), daughter of George Windsor, Earl of St. Andrews

* Lord Nicholas Windsor R XP (b 1970), son of the Duke of Kent
* Albert Windsor W XP (b 2007), son of Lord Nicholas Windsor

26. Lady Helen Taylor B (b 1964), daughter of the Duke of Kent
27. Columbus Taylor B (b 1994), son of Lady Helen Taylor
28. Cassius Taylor B (b 1996), son of Lady Helen Taylor
29. Eloise Taylor B (b 2003), daughter of Lady Helen Taylor
30. Estella Taylor B (b 2004), daughter of Lady Helen Taylor

* HRH Prince Michael of Kent XMP (b 1942), brother of the Duke of Kent

31. Lord Frederick Windsor B (b 1979), son of Prince Michael of Kent
32. Lady Gabriella Windsor B (b 1981), daughter of Prince Michael of Kent
33. HRH Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy B (b 1936), sister of the Duke of Kent
34. James Ogilvy B (b 1964), son of Princess Alexandra
35. Alexander Ogilvy B (b 1996), son of James Ogilvy
36. Flora Ogilvy B (b 1994), daughter of James Ogilvy
37. Marina Ogilvy B (b 1966), daughter of Princess Alexandra
38. Christian Mowatt B (b 1993), son of Marina Ogilvy
39. Zenouska Mowatt B (b 1990), daughter of Marina Ogilvy
Victoria → Edward VII → George V → Mary, Princess Royal
40. The Earl of Harewood B (George Lascelles; b 1923), son of Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
41. Viscount Lascelles R (b 1950), son of the Earl of Harewood

* the Hon. Benjamin Lascelles R XI (b 1978), legitimated son of Viscount Lascelles

42. The Hon. Alexander Lascelles R (b 1980), son of Viscount Lascelles
43. The Hon. Edward Lascelles R (b 1982), son of Viscount Lascelles

* the Hon. Emily Shard R XI (b 1976), legitimated daughter of Viscount Lascelles, and her descendants

44. The Hon. James Lascelles R (b 1953), son of the Earl of Harewood
45. Rowan Lascelles R (b 1977), son of James Lascelles
46. Tewa Lascelles R (b 1985), son of James Lascelles
47. Sophie Lascelles R (b 1973), daughter of James Lascelles

* Tanit Lascelles R XI (b 1981), legitimated daughter of The Hon. James Lascelles

48. The Hon. Jeremy Lascelles R (b 1955), son of the Earl of Harewood
49. Thomas Lascelles R (b 1982), son of Jeremy Lascelles
50. Ellen Lascelles R (b 1984), daughter of Jeremy Lascelles
51. Amy Lascelles R (b 1986), daughter of Jeremy Lascelles
52. Tallulah Grace Lascelles W (b 2005) daughter of Jeremy Lascelles

* The Hon. Mark Lascelles R XI (b 1964), legitimated son of the Earl of Harewood, and his descendants

53. Henry Lascelles R (b 1953), nephew of the Earl of Harewood
54. Maximilian Lascelles R (b 1991), son of Henry Lascelles

* Martin Lascelles R XI (b 1962), legitimated nephew of the Earl of Harewood, and his descendants

The preceding are all descended from King George V

Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Edward VII → Princess Louise.

Victoria → Edward VII → Princess Louise → Princess Maud
55. The Duke of Fife R (James Carnegie; b 1929), son of Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk
56. Earl of Southesk R (David Carnegie, b 1961), son of the Duke of Fife
57. Lord Carnegie R (Charles Carnegie, b 1989), son of Lord Southesk
58. The Hon. George William Carnegie R (b 1991), son of Lord Southesk
59. The Hon. Hugh Alexander Carnegie R (b 1993), son of Lord Southesk
60. Lady Alexandra Etherington R (b 1959), daughter of the Duke of Fife
61. Amelia Etherington W (b 2001), daughter of Lady Alexandra Etherington
Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Edward VII → Princess Maud.
Victoria → Edward VII → Princess Maud → King Olav V of Norway
HM King Harald V of Norway
62. HM The King of Norway R (Harald, b 1937), son of King Olav V of Norway
63. HRH The Crown Prince of Norway R (b 1973), son of the King of Norway
64. HH Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway W (b 2005), son of the Crown Prince of Norway
65. HRH Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway W (b 2004), daughter of the Crown Prince of Norway
66. HH Princess Märtha Louise of Norway R (b 1971), daughter of the King of Norway
67. Maud Angelica Behn W (b 2003), daughter of Princess Märtha Louise
68. Leah Isadora Behn W (b 2005), daughter of Princess Märtha Louise
69. Emma Tallulah Behn W (b 2008), daughter of Princess Märtha Louise
70. HH Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen R (b 1930), sister of the King of Norway

* Haakon Lorentzen R XMP (b 1954), son of Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen

71. Olav Lorentzen R (b 1985), son of Haakon Lorentzen
72. Christian Lorentzen R (b 1988), son of Haakon Lorentzen
73. Sophia Lorentzen R (b 1994), daughter of Haakon Lorentzen

* Ingeborg Ribeiro R XMP (b 1957), daughter of Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen

74. Victoria Ribeiro R (b 1988), daughter of Ingeborg Lorentzen

* Ragnhild Long R XMP (b 1968), daughter of Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen
* Alexandra Long W XP (b 2007), daughter of Ragnhild Long

75. HH Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner R (b 1932), sister of the King of Norway
76. Alexander Ferner R (b 1965), son of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner

* Edward Ferner R XI (b 1996), legitimated son of Alexander Ferner

77. Stella Ferner R (b 1998), daughter of Alexander Ferner
78. Carl-Christian Ferner R (b 1972), son of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner
79. Cathrine Ferner Johansen R (b 1962), daughter of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner
80. Sebastian Ferner Johansen R (b 1990), son of Cathrine Johansen
81. Madeleine Ferner Johansen R (b 1993), daughter of Cathrine Johansen
82. Benedikte Ferner R (b 1963), daughter of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner
83. Elisabeth Ferner Beckman R (b 1969), daughter of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner
84. Benjamin Ferner Beckman R (b 1999), son of Elisabeth Ferner Beckman
The preceding are all descended from King Edward VII
Descendants of Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1844–1900)

Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Marie of Edinburgh.

Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Marie of Edinburgh → King Carol II of Romania

* Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern R[6] (b 1948), son of Carol Lambrino, son of King Carol II of Romania
* Alexander Hohenzollern R (b 1961), brother of Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern
* HM The King of Romania R XMP (b 1921), son of King Carol II of Romania

85. HRH Princess Margarita of Romania R (b 1949), daughter of King Michael of Romania
86. HRH Princess Elena of Romania R (b 1950), daughter of King Michael of Romania
87. Nicholas de Roumanie Medforth-Mills R (b 1985), son of Princess Elena of Romania
88. Karina de Roumanie Medforth-Mills R (b 1989), daughter of Princess Elena of Romania
89. HRH Princess Irina of Romania R (b 1953), daughter of King Michael of Romania
90. Michael de Roumanie Kreuger R (b 1985), son of Princess Irina of Romania
91. Angelica de Roumanie Kreuger R (b 1986), daughter of Princess Irina of Romania
92. HRH Princess Sofia of Romania R (b 1957), daughter of King Michael of Romania
93. Elisabeta-Maria de Laufenborg R (b 1999), daughter of Princess Sophie of Romania

* Princess Maria of Romania R (b 1964), daughter of King Michael of Romania

Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Marie of Edinburgh → Princess Maria of Romania

* HRH The Crown Prince of Yugoslavia R (b 1945), grandson of Princess Maria of Romania through her son King Peter II of Yugoslavia

94. HRH The Hereditary Prince of Yugoslavia R (b 1980), son of Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia
95. HRH Prince Philip of Yugoslavia R (b 1982), son of Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia
96. HRH Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia R (b 1982), son of Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia
97. HRH Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia R (b 1958), grandson of Princess Maria of Romania through her son Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia
98. HRH Princess Maria of Yugoslavia R (b 1993), daughter of Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia
99. HRH Prince George of Yugoslavia R (b 1984), brother of Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia
100. HRH Prince Michael of Yugoslavia R (b 1985), brother of Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia
101. HRH Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia R (b 1959), sister of Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia
102. Victoria de Silva R (b 1991), daughter of Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia
103. HRH Prince Karl Wladimir of Yugoslavia R (b 1964), grandson of Princess Maria of Romania through her son Prince Andrej of Yugoslavia
104. HRH Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia R (b 1965), brother of Prince Karl Wladimir of Yugoslavia

* Princess Lavinia of Yugoslavia R (b 1961), legitimated sister of Prince Karl Wladimir of Yugoslavia, and her descendants

105. Maria Tatiana Thune-Larsen R (b 1957), sister of Prince Karl Wladimir of Yugoslavia
106. Sonja Thune-Larsen R (b 1992), daughter of Maria Tatiana Thune-Larsen
107. Olga Thune-Larsen R (b 1995), daughter of Maria Tatiana Thune-Larsen
Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Marie of Edinburgh → Princess Ileana of Romania

* Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1957), grandson of Princess Ileana of Romania through her son Archduke Stefan of Austria
* Count Stefan von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1990), son of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen
* Countess Saygan von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1987), daughter of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen
* Countess Maria Antonia von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1997), daughter of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen
* Count Peter von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1959), brother of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen
* Count Anton von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1964), brother of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen
* Ileana Snyder R XP (b 1958), sister of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen

108. Nicholas Snyder R (b 1987), son of Ileana Snyder
109. Alexandra Snyder R (b 1984), daughter of Ileana Snyder
110. Constanza Snyder R (b 1994), daughter of Ileana Snyder

* Constanza Bain R XP (b 1960), sister of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen
* HI&RH Archduke Dominic of Austria R XP (b 1937), son of Princess Ileana of Romania
* Count Sandor von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1965), son of Archduke Dominic of Austria
* Count Constantin von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 2000), son of Count Sandor von Habsburg-Lothringen
* Count Gregor von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1968), son of Archduke Dominic of Austria
* Countess Alexandra of Baillou R XP (b 1933), sister of Archduke Dominic of Austria
* Baroness Maria Magdalena von Holzhausen R XP (b 1939), sister of Archduke Dominic of Austria
* Baron Johann von Holzhausen R XP (b 1960), son of Baroness Maria Magdalena von Holzhausen
* Baron Laurenz von Holzhausen W XP (b 2001), legitimized son of Baron Johann von Holzhausen
* Baron Georg von Holzhausen R XP (b 1962), son of Baroness Maria Magdalena von Holzhausen
* Baron Alexander von Holzhausen R XP (b 1994), son of Baron Georg von Holzhausen
* Baron Tassilo von Holzhausen R XP (b 1997), son of Baron Georg von Holzhausen
* Baron Clemens von Holzhausen W XP (b 2003), son of Baron Georg von Holzhausen
* Alexandra Ferch R XP (b 1963), daughter of Baroness Maria Magdalena von Holzhausen
* Ferdinand Ferch R XP (b 1986), son of Alexandra Ferch
* Leopold Ferch R XP (b 1988), son of Alexandra Ferch
* Benedikt Ferch R XP (b 1993), son of Alexandra Ferch
* Elisabeth Ferch R XP (b 1995), daughter of Alexandra Ferch
* Elisabeth Sandhofer R XP (b 1942), sister of Archduke Dominic of Austria
* Anton Sandhofer R XP (b 1966), son of Elisabeth Sandhofer
* Dominik Sandhofer R XP (b 1994), son of Anton Sandhofer
* Margareta Lux R XP (b 1968), daughter of Elisabeth Sandhofer
* Mauritio Lux R XP (b 1999), son of Margareta Lux
* Dorian Lux W XP (b 2001), son of Margareta Lux
* Andrea Zarbl R XP (b 1969), daughter of Elisabeth Sandhofer
* Ferdinand Zarbl R XP (b 1996), son of Andrea Zarbl
* Benedikt Zarbl R XP (b 1999), son of Andrea Zarbl
* Elisabeth Sandhofer R XP (b 1971), daughter of Elisabeth Sandhofer (b 1942)

Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh. Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh → Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia
111. HIH The Grand Duchess of Russia R (b 1953), daughter of Vladimir Cyrillovich, Grand Duke of Russia
112. HI&RH Grand Duke George Mikhailovitch of Russia R (b 1981), son of Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia
Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh → Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia

* Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen R XMP (b 1952), grandson of Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia

113. HSH Princess Cécilia of Leiningen R (b 1988), daughter of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen
114. Theresa Prinzessin zu Leiningen R (b 1992), daughter of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen
115. HSH The Prince of Leiningen R (Andreas, b 1955), brother of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen
116. HSH The Hereditary Prince of Leiningen R (Ferdinand, b 1982), son of Prince Andreas of Leiningen
117. HSH Prince Hermann of Leiningen R (b 1987), son of Prince Andreas of Leiningen
118. HSH Princess Olga of Leiningen R (b 1984), daughter of Prince Andreas of Leiningen
119. HSH Princess Melita of Leiningen R (b 1951), sister of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen
120. HSH Princess Stephanie of Leiningen R (b 1958), sister of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen
121. HSH Prince Boris of Leiningen R (b 1960), first-cousin of Prince Andreas of Leiningen
122. HSH Prince Nicholas of Leiningen R (b 1991), son of Prince Boris of Leiningen
123. HSH Prince Karl Heinrich of Leiningen W (b 2001), son of Prince Boris of Leiningen
124. HSH Princess Juliana of Leiningen W (b 2003), daughter of Prince Boris of Leiningen
125. HSH Prince Hermann Friedrich of Leiningen R (b 1963), brother of Prince Boris of Leiningen
126. HSH Princess Tatiana of Leiningen R (b 1989), daughter of Prince Hermann of Leiningen
127. HSH Princess Nadia of Leiningen R (b 1991), daughter of Prince Hermann of Leiningen
128. HSH Princess Alexandra of Leiningen R (b 1997), daughter of Prince Hermann of Leiningen

* the descendants of HSH Princess Kira Melita of Leiningen who are higher in line as descendants of her husband Prince Andrej of Yugoslavia
* HSH Karl Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1952), first cousin of Prince Andreas of Leiningen
* HSH Prince Alexander of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1987), son of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern
* HSH Princess Philippa of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1988), daughter of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern
* HSH Princess Flaminia of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1992), daughter of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern
* HSH Princess Antonia of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1995), daughter of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern
* HSH Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1954), brother of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern
* HSH Princess Josephine of Hohenzollern W XP (b 2002), daughter of Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern
* HRH Princess Eugenia of Hohenzollern W XP (b 2005), daughter of Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern
* HSH Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1960), brother of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern
* HSH Prince Aloys of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1999), son of Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern
* HSH Prince Fidelis of Hohenzollern W XP (b 2001), son of Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern
* HSH Princess Victoria of Hohenzollern W XP (b 2004), daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern
* Mechtilde Bauscher R XP (b 1936), aunt of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern

129. Ulf-Karl Bauscher R (b 1963), son of Mechtilde Bauscher
130. Berthold Bauscher R (b 1965), son of Mechtilde Bauscher
131. Erik Bauscher R (b 1998), son of Berthold Bauscher
132. Lorenz Bauscher w (b 2002), son of Berthold Bauscher
133. Franka Bauscher R (b 1996), daughter of Berthold Bauscher
134. Johann Bauscher R (b 1968), son of Mechtilde Bauscher
Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh → Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia
135. HRH Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia R (b 1939), son of Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia
136. Philipp Prinz von Preußen R (b 1968), son of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
137. Paul Wilhelm Prinz von Preußen R (b 1995), son of Philipp Prinz von Preußen
138. Timotheus Friedrich Prinz von Preußen W (b 2005), son of Philipp Prinz von Preußen
139. Maria Luise Prinzessin von Preußen R (b 1997), daughter of Philipp Prinz von Preußen
140. Elisabeth Christine Prinzessin von Preußen R (b 1998), daughter of Philipp Prinz von Preußen
141. Anna Sophie Prinzessin von Preußen W (b 2001), daughter of Philipp Prinz von Preußen
142. Johanna Amalie Prinzessin von Preußen W (b 2002), daughter of Philipp Prinz von Preußen
143. Friedrich Wilhelm Prinz von Preußen R (b 1979), son of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
144. Joachim Albrecht Prinz von Preußen R (b 1984), son of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
145. Viktoria Luise Prinzessin von Preußen R (b 1982), daughter of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
146. HRH Prince Michael of Prussia R (b 1940), brother of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
147. Micaela Prinzessin von Preussen R (b, 1967), daughter of Prince Michael of Prussia
148. Maximilian Wessolly R (b 2000), son of Micaela Prinzessin von Preussen
149. Marie Charlotte Wessolly W (b 2001), daughter of Micaela Prinzessin von Preussen
150. Natally Prinzessin von Preussen R (b 1970), daughter of Prince Michael of Prussia
151. HI&RH The Prince of Prussia R (Georg Friedrich, b 1976), nephew of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
152. HRH Princess Cornelie-Cecile of Prussia R (b 1978), sister of Prince Georg Friedrich of Prussia
153. HRH Prince Christian-Sigismund of Prussia R (b 1946), brother of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
154. HRH Prince Christian Ludwig of Prussia R (b 1986), son of Prince Christian Sigismund of Prussia
155. HRH Princess Irina of Prussia R (b 1988), daughter of Prince Christian Sigismund of Prussia
156. HRH Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia R (b 1942), sister of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia

* HH Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg R XMP (b 1969), son of Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia
* HH Duke Kirill of Oldenburg W XP (b 2002), son of Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg
* HH Duke Carlos of Oldenburg W XP (b 2004), son of Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg
* HH Duke Paul of Oldenburg W XP (b 2005), son of Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg
* HH Duchess Maria Assunta of Oldenburg W XP (b 2007), daughter of Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg

157. HH Duchess Rixa of Oldenburg R (b 1970), daughter of Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia
158. Bibiane Dorner R (b 1974), daughter of Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia
159. Xenia Dorner, daughter of Bibiane Dorner
160. Rixa Dorner (b 2008), daughter of Bibiane Dorner
161. Kira-Marina Liepsner R (b 1977), niece of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia

* Luise von Bismarck W XI (b 2002), legitimated daughter of Kira-Marina Liepsner

162. Sophie von Bismarck W (b 2005), daughter of Kira-Marina Liepsner
163. Patrick Lithander R (b 1973), nephew of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
164. Pius Lithander W (b 2005), son of Patrick Lithander
165. Hugo Lithander W (b 2007), son of Patrick Lithander
166. Wilhelm Lithander R (b 1974), brother of Patrick Lithander
Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh. Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh → Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
167. HSH The Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Philip, b 1970), grandson of Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
168. HSH The Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Max Leopold, b 2005), son of the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
169. HSH Prince Gustav of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 2007), son of the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

* HSH Princess Cecile of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Countess Cyril de Commarque (b 1967), sister of the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

170. Princess Xenia of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 1972), sister of the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
171. Ferdinand Soltmann (b 2005), son of Princess Xenia of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
172. Louisa Soltmann (b 2008), daughter of Princess Xenia of Hohenlohe-Langenburg[7]
173. HSH Prince Andreas of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 1938), son of Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
174. HSH Princess Katharina of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b 1972), daughter of Prince Andreas of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
175. HSH Princess Laetitia of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b 2003), daughter of Princess Katharina of Waldeck and Pyrmont
176. HSH Princess Alexia of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b 2006), daughter of Princess Katharina of Waldeck und Pyrmont
177. HSH Princess Tatiana-Louise of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 1975), daughter of Prince Andreas of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
178. HSH Prince Ludwig of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 1976), nephew of Prince Andreas of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh → Princess Marie Melita of Hohenlohe-Langenburg → Peter, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
179. HH The Prince of Schleswig-Holstein (Christoph, b 1949), son of Peter, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
180. HH The Hereditary Prince of Schleswig-Holstein (Friedrich Ferdinand, b 1985), son of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
181. HH Prince Constantin of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1986), son of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
182. HH Prince Leopold of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1991), son of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
183. HH Princess Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1983), daughter of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
184. HH Prince Alexander of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1953), brother of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
185. HH Prince Julian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1997), son of Prince Alexander of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
186. HH Princess Helena of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1995), daughter of Prince Alexander of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
187. Baroness Marita von Plotho (b 1948), sister of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
188. Baron Christoph von Plotho (b 1976), son of Baroness Marita von Plotho
189. Baroness Irina von Plotho (b 1978), daughter of Baroness Marita von Plotho
190. HH Princess Ingeborg of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1956), sister of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
191. Alexis Broschek (b 1995), son of Princess Ingeborg of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh. Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh → Alvaro d’Orléans

* Don Alfonso d’Orléans y Ferrara Pignatelli, Duke of Galliera (b 1968), grandson of Don Alvaro d’Orléans, 4th Duke of Galliera
* Don Alonso d’Orléans y Goeders (b 1994), son of the Duke of Galliera
* Don Alvaro d’Orléans y Ferrara Pignatelli (b 1969), brother of the Duke of Galliera
* Don Alvaro d’Orléans y Parodi Delfino (b 1947), uncle of the Duke of Galliera
* Don Andrea d’Orléans (b 1976), son of Don Alvaro d’Orléans
* Don Alois d’Orléans (b 1979), son of Don Alvaro d’Orléans
* Doña Maria del Pilar d’Orléans (b 1975), daughter of Don Alvaro d’Orléans
* Doña Gerarda d’Orléans y Parodi Delfino (b 1939), sister of Don Alvaro d’Orléans y Parodi Delfino
* Marco Saint (b 1969), son of Doña Gerarda d’Orléans
* Carla Saint (b 1967), daughter of Doña Gerarda d’Orléans
* Don Nicolas de Haro y Saint (b 2001), legitimated son of Carla Saint
* Doña Sofia de Haro y Saint (b 2004), daughter of Carla Saint
* Doña Beatriz d’Orléans y Parodi Delfino (b 1943), sister of Don Alvaro d’Orléans y Parodi Delfino
* Gerardo Farini (b 1967), son of Doña Beatriz d’Orléans y Parodi Delfino
* Doña Elena Farini (b 1969), daughter of Doña Beatriz d’Orléans y Parodi Delfino
* Don Tomas de Haro y Farini (b 2003), son of Doña Elena Farini
* Doña Claudia de Haro y Farini (b 2000), daughter of Doña Elena Farini

Descendants of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught (1850–1942)

Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught → Princess Margaret of Connaught.

Victoria → Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught → Princess Margaret of Connaught
King Carl XVI Gustaf
192. HM The King of Sweden (Carl XVI Gustaf, b 1946), grandson of Princess Margaret of Connaught through her son Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden
193. HRH The Duke of Värmland (Carl Philip, b 1979), son of the King of Sweden
194. HRH The Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland (Victoria, b 1977), daughter of the King of Sweden
195. HRH The Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland (Madeleine, b 1982), daughter of the King of Sweden
196. Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler (b 1934), sister of the King of Sweden
197. Charles Edward Ambler (b 1966), son of Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler
198. Sienna Rose Ambler (b 2000), daughter of Charles Ambler
199. India Tani Ambler (b 2003), daughter of Charles Ambler
200. James Patrick Ambler (b 1969), son of Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler
201. Oscar Rufus Ambler (b 2004), son of James Ambler
202. Lily Ambler (b 2003), daughter of James Ambler
203. Baroness Sybilla von Dincklage (b 1965), daughter of Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler
204. Baron Sebastian von Dincklage (b 2000), son of Baroness Sybilla von Dincklage
205. Baroness Madeleine von Dincklage (b 1999), daughter of Baroness Sybilla von Dincklage

* HRH Princess Birgitta of Sweden, Princess Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (b 1937), sister of the King of Sweden
* HSH Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern (b 1962), son of Princess Birgitta of Sweden
* HSH Prince Nicolas of Hohenzollern (b 1999), son of Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern
* HSH Prince Hubertus of Hohenzollern (b 1966), son of Princess Birgitta of Sweden
* HSH Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern (b 1963), daughter of Princess Birgitta of Sweden
* HIllH Carl-Theodor, Hereditary Count of Ortenburg (b 1992), son of Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern
* HIllH Count Frederik of Ortenburg (b 1995), son of Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern
* HIllH Countess Carolina of Ortenburg (b 1997), daughter of Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern

206. Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld (b 1938), sister of the King of Sweden
207. Baron Carl Silfverschiöld (b 1965), son of Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld
208. Baroness Anna Margareta Silfverschiöld (b 2006), daughter of Baron Carl Silfverschiöld
209. Baroness Christina Louise de Geer af Finspång (b 1966), daughter of Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld
210. Baron Ian de Geer af Finspång (b 2002), son of Christina Louise de Geer af Finspång
211. Baron Fred de Geer af Finspång (b 2004), son of Christina Louise de Geer af Finspång
212. Baroness Estelle de Geer af Finspång (b 2000), daughter of Christina Louise de Geer af Finspång
213. Baroness Hélène Silfverschiöld (b 1968), daughter of Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld
214. Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson (b 1943), sister of the King of Sweden
215. Gustaf Magnuson (b 1975), son of Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson
216. Oscar Magnuson (b 1977), son of Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson
217. Viktor Magnuson (b 1980), son of Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson
218. Count Michael Bernadotte (b 1944), grandson of Princess Margaret of Connaught through her second son Prince Sigvard of Sweden
219. Countess Kajsa Bernadotte (b 1980), daughter of Count Michael Bernadotte
220. Count Carl Johan Bernadotte (b 1916), son of Princess Margaret of Connaught
Queen Margrethe
221. HM The Queen of Denmark (Margrethe, b 1940), granddaughter of Princess Margaret of Connaught through her daughter Princess Ingrid of Sweden
222. HRH The Crown Prince of Denmark (Frederik, b 1968), son of the Queen of Denmark
223. HRH Prince Christian of Denmark (b 2005), son of the Crown Prince of Denmark
224. HRH Princess Isabella of Denmark (b 2007), daughter of the Crown Prince of Denmark
225. HRH Prince Joachim of Denmark (b 1969), son of the Queen of Denmark
226. HH Prince Nikolai of Denmark (b 1999), son of Prince Joachim of Denmark
227. HH Prince Felix of Denmark (b 2002), son of Prince Joachim of Denmark
228. HH Prince NN of Denmark (b 2009), son of Prince Joachim of Denmark
229. HRH Princess Benedikte of Denmark, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b 1944), sister of the Queen of Denmark
230. HSH The Hereditary Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (Gustav, b 1969), son of Princess Benedikte of Denmark
231. Countess Alexandra of Pfeil and Klein-Ellguth (b 1970), daughter of Princess Benedikte of Denmark
232. Count Richard von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth (b 1999), son of Princess Alexandra
233. Countess Ingrid von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth, (b 2003), daughter of Princess Alexandra
234. HSH Princess Nathalie of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b 1975), daughter of Princess Benedikte of Denmark
235. HM The Queen of the Hellenes (Anne-Marie, b 1946), sister of the Queen of Denmark
236. HRH The Crown Prince of Greece (b 1967), son of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
237. HRH Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark (b 1998), son of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece
238. HRH Prince Achileas-Andreas of Greece and Denmark (b 2000), son of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece
239. HRH Prince Odysseas-Kimon of Greece and Denmark (b 2004), son of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece
240. HRH Prince Aristide Stavros of Greece and Denmark (b 2008), son of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece
241. HRH Princess Maria-Olympia of Greece and Denmark (b 1996), daughter of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece
242. HRH Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark (b 1969), son of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
243. HRH Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark (b 1986), son of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece

* Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark (b 1965), daughter of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece

244. Carlos Morales y de Grecia (b 2005), son of Princess Alexia of Greece
245. Arrietta Morales y de Grecia (b 2002), daughter of Princess Alexia of Greece
246. Ana-Maria Morales y de Grecia (b 2003), daughter of Princess Alexia of Greece
247. Amelia Morales y de Grecia (b 2007), daughter of Princess Alexia of Greece
248. HRH Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (b 1983), daughter of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught → Princess Patricia of Connaught. Victoria → Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught → Princess Patricia of Connaught → Alexander Ramsay of Mar
249. The Hon. Katharine Fraser (b 1957), daughter of Alexander Ramsay of Mar
250. Alexander Fraser (b 1990), son of Katharine Fraser
251. Louise Nicolson of Mar (b 1984), daughter of Katharine Fraser
252. Juliet Nicolson of Mar (b 1988), daughter of Katharine Fraser
253. The Hon. Alice Ramsey of Mar (b 1961), sister of Katharine Fraser
254. Alexander David Ramsey of Mar (b 1991), son of Alice Ramsey
255. George Ramsey of Mar (b 1995), son of Alice Ramsey
256. Oliver Ramsey of Mar (b 1995), son of Alice Ramsey
257. Victoria Ramsey of Mar (b 1994), daughter of Alice Ramsey
258. The Hon. Elizabeth Ramsay of Mar (b 1963), sister of Katharine Fraser
Descendants of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (1853–1884)

Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany → Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Victoria → Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany → Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
259. Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1961), great-grandson of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
260. Sebastian Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1994), son of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
261. Ernst Josias Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1965), brother of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
262. Sophie Alexandra Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 2000), daughter of Ernst Josias Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
263. Carl Eduard Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1966), brother of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
264. Emilia Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1999), daughter of Carl Eduard Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
265. Johanna Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 2004), daughter of Carl Eduard Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
266. Friedrich Ferdinand Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1968), brother of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

* Nicolaus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1987), legitimated son of Friedrich Ferdinand Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

267. Victoria Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1963), sister of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
268. Falk Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1990), son of Victoria
269. Alice-Sibylla Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1974), sister of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

* Matthias Reiser (b 1999), legitimated son of Alice-Sibylla Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
* Carolin Reiser (b 2000), legitimated daughter of Alice-Sibylla Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

270. Peter Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1939), uncle of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
271. Peter Karl Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1965), son of Peter Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

* Malte Alexander Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1990), legitimated son of Peter Karl Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

272. Malte Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1966), son of Peter Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
273. Caroline Nielsen (b 1933), sister of Peter Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
274. Margarete Güttler (b 1954), daughter of Caroline Nielsen
275. Grischa-Alexander Güttler (b 1994), son of Margarete Güttler
276. Siana-Kyra Güttler (b 1992), daughter of Margarete Güttler
277. Renate Bracker (b 1957), daughter of Caroline Nielsen
278. HH The Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Andreas, b 1943), grandson of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
279. HH The Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Hubertus, b 1975), son of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
280. HH Prince Alexander of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b 1977), son of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
281. HH Princess Stephanie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b 1972), daughter of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
282. HH Prince Adrian of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b 1955), brother of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
283. Simon Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1985), son of Prince Adrian of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
284. Daniel Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1988), son of Prince Adrian of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

* Maria Claudia Schäfer (b 1949), sister of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Christina Martens (b 1972), daughter of Maria Claudia Schäfer
* Gian Martens (b 2001), son of Christina Martens
* Louis Martens (b 2006), son of Christina Martens[8]
* Aimée Martens (b 2003), daughter of Christina Martens
* Gianetta Schäfer (b 1974), daughter of Maria Claudia Schäfer

285. HH Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Meiningen (b 1951), sister of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
286. HH Friedrich Constantine, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (b 1980), son of Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Meiningen
287. HH Princess Marie Alexandra of Saxe-Meiningen (b 1978), daughter of Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Meiningen

* the descendants of Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who are higher in line as descendants of her husband, Prince Gustav Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten

288. HIllH Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1932), grandson of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
289. HIllH Count Dominik of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1965), son of Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen
290. HIllH Count Michael of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1967), son of Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen
291. HIllH Count Conradin of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1934), brother of Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen
292. HIllH Count Carl-Eduard of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1964), son of Count Conradin of Castell-Rüdenhausen
293. HIllH Count Markus of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 2004), son of Count Carl-Eduard of Castell-Rüdenhausen
294. HIllH Countess Sarah of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1999), daughter of Count Carl-Eduard of Castell-Rüdenhausen
295. Anne-Charlotte Rappu (b 1962), daughter of Count Conradin of Castell-Rüdenhausen
296. Patrick Rappu (b 1987), son of Anne-Charlotte Rappu
297. Richard Rappu (b 1989), son of Anne-Charlotte Rappu
298. Fredrik Rappu (b 1990), son of Anne-Charlotte Rappu
299. Victoria Huntington-Whiteley (b 1935), sister of Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen
300. Leopold Huntington-Whiteley (b 1965), son of Victoria Huntington-Whiteley
301. Alice Sewell (b 1961), daughter of Victoria Huntington-Whiteley
302. Henry Sewell (b 1988), son of Alice Sewell
303. Benjamin Sewell (b 1990), son of Alice Sewell

* Beatrice Grant (b 1962), daughter of Victoria Huntington-Whiteley

304. Frederick Grant (b 1999), son of Beatrice Grant
305. Ludovic Grant (b 2002), son of Beatrice Grant
306. Calma Cook (b 1938), sister of Bertram

* Sascha Berger (b 1960), legitimated son of Calma Cook

307. Richard Darrel Berger (b 1962), son of Calma Cook
308. Richard Jonathan Ross Berger (b 1984), son of Richard Darrel Berger
309. Rachel Berger (b 2000), daughter of Richard Darrel Berger
310. Riley Berger (b 2001), daughter of Richard Darrel Berger
311. Victor Berger (b 1964), son of Calma Cook

* Mary Berger (b 1985), legitimated daughter of Victor Berger

312. Samuel Clinton Berger (b 1965), son of Calma Cook
313. Wesley Berger (b 1967), son of Calma Cook
314. Maximilian Berger (b 2001), son of Wesley Berger
315. David Cook (b 1968), son of Calma Cook
316. Dagmar Schäl (b 1940), sister of Bertram, Conradin
317. Maria-Valeska Walz (b 1965), daughter of Dagmar Schäl
318. Larissa Evagellatos (b 1968), daughter of Dagmar Schäl
319. Amelia Evagellatos (b 2002), daughter of Larissa Evagellatos
Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany → Princess Alice of Albany. Victoria → Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany → Princess Alice of Albany → Lady May Abel Smith
320. Katherine Beaumont (b 1961), granddaughter of Lady May Abel Smith
321. George Beaumont (b 1985), son of Katherine Beaumont
322. Richard Beaumont (b 1989), son of Katherine Beaumont
323. Michael Beaumont (b 1991), son of Katherine Beaumont
324. Amelia Murray (b 1983), daughter of Katherine Beaumont
325. Anne Liddell-Grainger (b 1930), aunt of Katherine Beaumont
326. Ian Liddell-Grainger (b 1959), son of Anne Liddell-Grainger
327. Peter Liddell-Grainger (b 1987), son of Ian Liddell-Grainger
328. Sophie Liddell-Grainger (b 1988), daughter of Ian Liddell-Grainger
329. May Liddell-Grainger (b 1992), daughter of Ian Liddell-Grainger
330. Charles Liddell-Grainger (b 1960), son of Anne Liddell-Grainger
331. Simon Rupert Liddell-Grainger (b 1963), son of Anne Liddell-Grainger
332. Simon Alexander Liddell-Grainger (b 2000), son of Simon Rupert Liddell-Grainger
333. Matthew Liddell-Grainger (b 2003), son of Simon Rupert Liddell-Grainger
334. Malcolm Liddell-Grainger (b 1967), son of Anne Liddell-Grainger
335. Cameron Liddell-Grainger (b 1997), son of Malcolm Liddell-Grainger

* Alice Panaggio (b 1965), daughter of Anne Liddell-Grainger
* Danilo Panaggio (b 1996), son of Alice Liddell-Granger
* Jessica Panaggio (b 1998), daughter of Alice Liddell-Granger

336. Elizabeth Wise (b 1936), sister of Anne Liddell-Grainger
Descendants of Victoria, Princess Royal later German Empress (1840–1901)

Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor.

Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Wilhelm, German Crown Prince
337. Felicitas von Nostitz-Wallwitz (b 1934), granddaughter of William, German Crown Prince through his son Prince Wilhelm of Prussia
338. Hubertus von der Osten (b 1964), son of Felicitas von Nostitz-Wallwitz
339. Friederike von Reiche (b 1959), daughter of Felicitas von Nostitz-Wallwitz
340. Felicitas von Reiche (b 1986), daughter of Friederike von Reiche
341. Victoria von Reiche (b 1989), daughter of Friederike von Reiche
342. Donata von Reiche (b 1992), daughter of Friederike von Reiche
343. Cecilie Marxen (b 1967), daughter of Felicitas von Nostitz-Wallwitz
344. Julius Marxen (b 1998), son of Cecilie Marxen
345. Victor Marxen (b 2002), son of Cecilie Marxen
346. Baroness Diana von der Goltz (b 1974), daughter of Felicitas von Nostitz-Wallwitz

* Christa Liebes (b 1936), sister of Felicitas von Nostitz-Wallwitz
* the descendants of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia who are higher in line as descendants of his wife Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia
* Princess Anastasia of Prussia, Princess of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1944), granddaughter of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince through his son Prince Hubertus of Prussia
* HSH Carl Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1966), son of Princess Anastasia
* HSH Prince Nicodemus of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 2001), son of Prince Carl Friedrich
* HSH Prince Laurentius of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 2006), son of Prince Carl Friedrich
* HSH Princess Augustina of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1999), daughter of Prince Carl Friedrich

* HSH Princess Kiliana of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 2008), daughter of Prince Carl Friedrich[9]

* HSH Prince Hubertus of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1968), son of Princess Anastasia
* HSH Prince Dominik-Wilhelm of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1983), son of Princess Anastasia
* HSH Princess Christina Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1974), daughter of Princess Anastasia
* Antonius Gisilot von Rohr (b 2003), son of Princess Christina Maria
* Konstantin von Rohr (b 2007), son of Princess Christina Maria
* Sylvia von Rohr (b 2008), daughter of Princess Christina Maria
* Cecilia von Rohr (b 2008), daughter of Princess Christina Maria

347. HRH Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia (b 1946), grandson of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince through his son Prince Friedrich of Prussia
348. Frederick Nicholas Stormont Prinz von Preussen (b 1990), son of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia
349. Beatrice Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1981), daughter of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia
350. Florence Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1983), daughter of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia
351. Augusta Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1986), daughter of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia
352. HRH Prince Wilhelm Andreas of Prussia (b 1947), brother of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia
353. Frederick Alexander Prinz von Preussen (b 1984), son of Prince Wilhelm Andreas of Prussia
354. Tatiana Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1980), daughter of Prince Wilhelm Andreas of Prussia
355. HRH Prince Rupert of Prussia (b 1955), brother of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia
356. Brigid Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1983), daughter of Prince Rupert
357. Astrid Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1985), daughter of Prince Rupert
358. HRH Princess Victoria Marina Cecilie of Prussia (b 1952), sister of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia
359. George Achache (b 1980), son of Princess Victoria Marina of Prussia
360. Francis Achache (b 1982), son of Princess Victoria Marina of Prussia
361. HRH Princess Antonia of Prussia, Marchioness of Douro (b 1955), sister of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia
362. Earl of Mornington (b 1978), son of Lady Douro
363. Lord Frederick Wellesley (b 1992), son of Lady Douro
364. Lady Honor Montagu (b 1971), daughter of Lady Douro
365. Walter Frederick Montagu (b 2005), son of Lady Honor Montagu
366. Nancy Montagu (b 2007), daughter of Lady Honor Montagu
367. Lady Mary Wellesley (b 1986), daughter of Lady Douro
368. Lady Charlotte Wellesley (b 1990), daughter of Lady Douro
369. Kira Harris (b 1954), granddaughter of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince through his daughter Princess Cecilie of Prussia
370. Philip Louis Johnson (b 1985), son of Kira Harris
Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Prince Adalbert of Prussia
371. HRH Prince Adalbert of Prussia (b 1948), grandson of Prince Adalbert of Prussia
372. Alexander Prinz von Preussen (b 1984), son of Prince Adalbert of Prussia
373. Christian Prinz von Preussen (b 1986), son of Prince Adalbert of Prussia
374. Philipp Prinz von Preussen (b 1986), son of Prince Adalbert of Prussia

* HRH Princess Marie Luise of Prussia, Countess Rudolf of Schönburg-Glauchau (b 1945), sister of Prince Adalbert of Prussia
* Count Friedrich of Schönburg-Glauchau (b 1985), son of Princess Marie Luise of Prussia
* Countess Sophie of Schönburg-Glauchau (b 1979), daughter of Princess Marie Luise of Prussia

375. Berengar Patterson (b 1948), grandson of Prince Adalbert of Prussia
376. Marina Engel (b 1948), sister of Berengar Patterson
377. William Engel (b 1983), son of Marina Engel
378. Dohna Pearl (b 1954), sister of Berengar Patterson
Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia → Prince Alexander of Prussia → Stephan Prinz von Preussen
379. Stephanie Bao (b 1966), daughter of Stephan Prinz von Preussen
380. Aaron Bao (b 1994), son of Stephanie Bao
381. Amir Bao (b 1998), son of Stephanie Bao
382. Shoshana Bao (b 1996), daughter of Stephanie Bao
383. Seraphine Bao (b 2002), daughter of Stephanie Bao
Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Prince Oskar of Prussia
384. HRH Prince Wilhelm Karl of Prussia (b 1955), grandson of Prince Oskar of Prussia
385. HRH Prince Oskar Hans of Prussia (b 1959), brother of Prince Wilhelm Karl of Prussia
386. Oskar Julius Prinz von Preussen (b 1993), son of Prince Oskar Hans of Prussia
387. Albert Prinz von Preussen (b 1998), son of Prince Oskar Hans of Prussia
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Massively multiplayer online role-playing game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mmorpg)
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of a series on:
RPG video games
Platforms[show]

* Computer RPG
o History of computer RPGs
o Chronology of computer RPGs
* Console RPG
o Chronology of console RPGs

Sub-genres[show]

* Action RPG
* Massively multiplayer online RPG
o Comparison of MMORPGs
o History of MMORPGs
o List of free MMOGs
o List of MMORPGs
o List of text-based MMORPGs
o Social interaction in MMORPGs
* Roguelike
o Chronology of roguelikes
* Tactical RPG
o Chronology of tactical RPGs

Topics[show]

* Character creation
* Cultural differences
* GNS Theory
* Player character
* Non-player character
* Role-playing game terms
* Statistics
* The Big Model
* Threefold Model

v • d • e

Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (commonly abbreviated MMORPG) is a genre of computer role-playing games in which a large number of players interact with one another within a virtual game world. The term MMORPG was coined by Richard Garriott,[citation needed] the creator of Ultima Online, the game credited with popularizing the genre in 1997.[1][2]

As in all RPGs, players assume the role of a fictional character (often in a fantasy world),[3] and take control over many of that character’s actions.[4] MMORPGs are distinguished from single-player or small multi-player CRPGs by the number of players, and by the game’s persistent world, usually hosted by the game’s publisher, which continues to exist and evolve while the player is away from the game.

MMORPGs are very popular throughout the world.[5] Worldwide revenues for MMORPGs exceeded half a billion dollars in 2005,[6] and Western revenues exceeded US$1 billion in 2006.[7] In 2007 and 2008 the virtual goods buying and trading has taken an amazing increase. Next to the more traditional subscription model, virtual goods are a second source of revenues for publishers. In 2008, Western consumer spending on subscription MMOGs grew to $1.4 billion.[8] The most popular MMORPG, World of Warcraft, has over 11 million paying subscribers as of 2009.

Contents
[hide]

* 1 Common features
o 1.1 Themes
o 1.2 Progression
o 1.3 Social Interaction
+ 1.3.1 Teamwork
+ 1.3.2 Roleplaying
o 1.4 Culture
o 1.5 System architecture
* 2 History
* 3 Psychology
* 4 Economics
* 5 Development
o 5.1 Non-corporate development
* 6 Trends as of 2008
o 6.1 Instance dungeons
o 6.2 Solo play
o 6.3 Player-created content
o 6.4 Use of licenses
o 6.5 Console-based MMORPGs
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

[edit] Common features

Although modern MMORPGs sometimes differ dramatically from their antecedents, many of them share some basic characteristics. These include several common themes: some form of progression, social interaction within the game, in-game culture, system architecture, and character customization. Characters can often be customized quite extensively, both in the technical and visual aspects, with new choices often added over time by the developers. Many games also offer some form of modding in order to allow for even greater flexibility of choice.

Character abilities are often very specific due to this. Depending on the particular game, the specialties might be as basic as simply having a greater affinity in one statistic, gaining certain bonuses of in-game resources related in-game race, job, etc.

[edit] Themes

The majority of popular MMORPGs are based on traditional fantasy themes, often occurring in an in-game universe comparable to that of Dungeons & Dragons.[3] Some employ hybrid themes that either merge or substitute fantasy elements with those of science fiction, sword and sorcery, or crime fiction. Still others use more obscure themes, including American comic books, the occult, and other recognizable literary genres.[3] Often these elements are developed using similar tasks and scenarios involving quests,[3] monsters, and loot.

[edit] Progression
A highly skilled character from EverQuest 2, with their mount.

In nearly all MMORPGs, the development of the player’s character is a primary goal.[3] Many MMORPGs feature a character progression system in which players earn experience points for their actions and use those points to reach character “levels”, which makes them better at whatever they do.[3] Traditionally, combat with monsters and completing quests for NPCs, either alone or in groups, are the primary ways to earn experience points. The accumulation of wealth (including combat-useful items) is also a way to progress in many titles, and again, this is traditionally best accomplished via combat. The cycle produced by these conditions, combat leading to new items allowing for more combat with no change in gameplay, is sometimes pejoratively referred to as the level treadmill,[3] or ‘grinding’. The role-playing game Progress Quest was created as a parody of this trend.

Also, traditional in the genre is the eventual demand on players to team up with others in order to progress at the optimal rate. This sometimes forces players to change their real-world schedules in order to “keep up” within the game-world.

[edit] Social Interaction
Main article: Social Interaction via MMORPGs

MMORPGs almost always allow players to communicate with one another. Depending on the other interactions allowed by the game, other social expectations will be present.

[edit] Teamwork
Part of a large bombing mission, bombers and fighter escort teamwork to destroy a factory, while defenders coordinate an interception. View though bombsight of another He111 in World War II Online game.

Many MMORPGs exploit their players’ social skills and offer support for in-game guilds or clans (though these will usually form whether the game supports them or not).[3] As a result, many players will find themselves as either a member or a leader of such a group after playing an MMORPG for some time. These organizations will likely have further expectations for their members (such as intra-guild assistance).

Even if players never join a formal group, they are still usually expected to be a part of a small team during game play, and will probably be expected to carry out a specialized role (such as healing). In combat-based MMORPGs, usual roles include the “tank”, a character who absorbs enemy blows and protects other members of the team, the “healer”, a character responsible for keeping up the health of the party,[9] the “DPS (Damage Per Second),” a character specializing in inflicting damage, and sometimes the “CC (Crowd Control),” a character who temporarily controls the opponent, such as the “NPC” (Non-Player Character), and making the opponent lose its control of actions and abilities. Other common roles include being a dedicated “buffer” or “debuffer”, using abilities that affect the team or the opponents in other ways. Any given MMORPG might allow players to take on all of these roles, additional hybrid roles, or none of them. Despite the variability, some players might enjoy one role over others and continue to play it through many different MMORPG titles.

[edit] Roleplaying

Some MMORPGs also may expect players to roleplay their characters – that is, to speak and act in the way their character would act, even if it means shying away from other goals such as wealth or experience. However, as this behavior is far from being the norm, most MMORPG players never actually play the roles of their characters.[10] Still, MMORPGs may offer “RP-only” servers for those who wish to immerse themselves in the game in this way.

MMORPG’s generally have Game Moderators or Game Masters (frequently abbreviated to GM), which may be paid employees or unpaid volunteers who attempt to supervise the world. Some GMs may have additional access to features and information related to the game that are not available to other players and roles.

[edit] Culture

Since MMORPGs have so many elements in common, and those elements are experienced by so many people, a common culture of MMORPGs has developed which exists in addition to the culture present within any given game. For example, since MMORPGs often feature many different character “classes”, the games must be balanced in order to be fair to all players, and this has led players of many games to expect “buffing” or “nerfing”, which is a term describing the strengthening or weakening of a subset of players, respectively.

As another example, in many older MMORPGs the fastest way to progress was simply by killing the same monsters over and over again, and as this is still common in the genre all MMORPG players know the process as “grinding”, or “camping” (sitting at a monster’s spawn point in order to attack it as soon as it respawns). The importance of grinding in MMORPGs, and how much “fun” it contributes to the experience, is constantly debated. Many MMORPGs have taken steps to eliminate or reduce grinding, but few such attempts have met with success, and it is generally accepted by players and developers alike that some amount of ‘grind’ is required to maintain a stable playing experience.

MMORPG addiction, which has been a source of concern for parents,[11][dead link] also affects the culture. Some players might look down on those who invest huge amounts of time and or money into a game, while others might scorn those who can’t put in the time to “play properly.”. The validity of such viewpoints is heavily debated, with both sides of the issue being discussed frequently on most games’ forums.

[edit] System architecture

Most MMORPGs are deployed using a client-server system architecture. The software that generates and persists the “world” runs continuously on a server, and players connect to it via client software. The client software may provide access to the entire playing world, or further ‘expansions’ may be required to be purchased to allow access to certain areas of the game. EverQuest and World of Warcraft are two examples of games that use such a format. Players generally must purchase the client software for a one-time fee, although an increasing trend is for MMORPGs to work using pre-existing “thin” clients, such as a web browser.

Some MMORPGs require payment of a monthly subscription to play. By nature, “massively multiplayer” games are always online, and most require some sort of continuous revenue (such as monthly subscriptions and advertisements) for maintenance and development. Some games, such as Guild Wars, have disposed of the ‘monthly fee’ model entirely, and recover costs directly through sales of the software and associated expansion packs.

Depending on the number of players and the system architecture, a MMORPG might actually be run on multiple separate servers, each representing an independent world, where players from one server cannot interact with those from another; World of Warcraft is a prominent example, with each separate server housing several thousand players. In many MMORPGs the number of players in one world is often limited to around a few thousand, but a notable example of the opposite is EVE Online which accommodated around 20,000 players in the same world as of August 2007 and 51,675 users online in February 2009.[12] Some games allow characters to appear on any world, but not simultaneously (such as Seal Online: Evolution), others limit each character to the world in which it was created.

[edit] History
MUD, an early multi-user roleplaying game
Main article: History of massively multiplayer online role-playing games

Although MMORPGs, as defined today, have only existed since the early 1990s,[4] all MMORPGs can trace a lineage back to the earliest multi-user games which started appearing in the late 1970s.[4] The first of these was Mazewar, though more would soon be developed for the PLATO system.[13] 1984 saw a roguelike (semi-graphical) multi-user game, called Islands of Kesmai.[13] The first “truly” graphical multi-user RPG was Neverwinter Nights, which was delivered through America Online in 1991 and was personally championed by AOL President Steve Case.[13] Other early proprietary graphical MMORPGs include three on The Sierra Network: The Shadow of Yserbius in 1992, The Fates of Twinion in 1993, and The Ruins of Cawdor in 1995.

When NSFNET restrictions were lifted in 1995, the Internet was opened up to developers, which allowed for the first really “massive” titles. The first success after this point was Meridian 59, which also featured first-person 3D graphics,[14] although The Realm Online appeared nearly simultaneously and may be credited with bringing the genre to a wider player-base.[13] Ultima Online, released in 1997, may be credited with first popularizing the genre,[13] though Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds was primarily responsible for mainstream attention throughout Asia which was released in 1996, about a year earlier than Ultima Online. It was EverQuest that brought MMORPGs to the mainstream in the West.[13]

These early titles’ financial success has ensured competition in the genre since that time. MMORPG titles now exist on consoles and in new settings, and their players enjoy higher-quality gameplay. The current market for MMORPGs has Blizzard Entertainment’s World of Warcraft dominating as the largest pay-to-play MMORPG [15], alongside earlier such titles like Final Fantasy XI and Phantasy Star Online, though an additional market exists for free-to-play MMORPGs, which are supported by advertising and purchases of in-game items. This free-to-play model is particularly common in Korean MMORPGs such as MapleStory and Rohan: Blood Feud. Also, there are some free-to-play games, such as Runescape, where only about half the game is free and you would have to pay monthly to play the full version. Guild Wars is an exception. It avoids competition with other MMORPGs by only requiring the initial purchase of the game to play.

[edit] Psychology

Since the interactions between MMORPG players are real, even if the environments are virtual, psychologists and sociologists are able to use MMORPGs as tools for academic research. Sherry Turkle, a clinical psychologist, has conducted interviews with computer users including game-players. Turkle found that many people have expanded their emotional range by exploring the many different roles (including gender identities) that MMORPGs allow a person to explore.[16]

Nick Yee has surveyed more than 35,000 MMORPG players over the past several years, focusing on psychological and sociological aspects of these games. Recent findings included that 15% of players become a guild-leader at one time or another, but most generally find the job tough and thankless;[17] and that players spend a considerable amount of time (often a third of their total time investment) doing things that are external to gameplay but part of the metagame.[18]

Many players report that the emotions they feel while playing a MMORPG are very strong, to the extent that 8.7% of male and 23.2% of female players in a statistical study have had an online wedding.[19] Other researchers have found that the enjoyment of a game is directly related to the social organization of a game, ranging from brief encounters between players to highly organized play in structured groups.[20]

In a study by Zaheer Hussain and Mark D. Griffiths, it was found that just over one in five gamers (21%) said they preferred socializing online to offline. Significantly more male gamers than female gamers said that they found it easier to converse online than offline. It was also found that 57% of gamers had created a character of the opposite gender, and it is suggested that the online female persona has a number of positive social attributes. [21]

Richard Bartle classified multiplayer RPG-players into four primary psychological groups. His classifications were then expanded upon by Erwin Andreasen, who developed the concept into the thirty-question Bartle Test that helps players determine which category they are associated with. With over 200,000 test responses as of 2006, this is perhaps the largest ongoing survey of multiplayer game players.[22]

In World of Warcraft, a temporary design glitch attracted the attention of psychologists and epidemiologists across North America, when the “Corrupted Blood” disease of a monster began to spread unintentionally—and uncontrollably—into the wider game world. The Center for Disease Control used the incident as a research model to chart both the progression of a disease, and the potential human response to large-scale epidemic infection.[23]

[edit] Economics
See also: Virtual economy
A user browsing the market for items in EVE Online

Many MMORPGs feature living economies. Virtual items and currency have to be gained through play and have definite value for players.[24] Such a virtual economy can be analyzed (using data logged by the game)[24] and has value in economic research; more significantly, these “virtual” economies can have an impact on the economies of the real world.

One of the early researchers of MMORPGs was Edward Castronova, who demonstrated that a supply-and-demand market exists for virtual items and that it crosses over with the real world.[25] This crossover has some requirements of the game:

* The ability for players to sell an item to each other for in-game (virtual) currency.
* Bartering for items between players for items of similar value.
* The purchase of in-game items for real-world currency.
* Exchanges of real-world currencies for virtual currencies.
* The creation of meta-currencies such as DKP, or Dragon kill points, to distribute in-game rewards.[26]

The idea of attaching real-world value to “virtual” items has had a profound effect on players and the game industry, and even the courts. Castronova’s first study in 2002 found that a highly liquid (if illegal) currency market existed, with the value of Everquest’s in-game currency exceeding that of the Japanese yen.[27] Some people even make a living by working these virtual economies; these people are often referred to as gold farmers, and may be employed in game sweatshops.[28]

Game publishers usually prohibit the exchange of real-world money for virtual goods, but others actively promote the idea of linking (and directly profiting from) an exchange. In Second Life and Entropia Universe, the virtual economy and the real-world economy are directly linked. This means that real money can be deposited for game money and vice versa. Real-world items have also been sold for game money in Entropia, and some players of Second Life have generated revenues in excess of $100,000.[29]

Some of the issues confronting online economies include:

* The use of “bots” or automated programs, that assist some players in accumulating in-game wealth to the disadvantage of other players.[30]

* The use of unsanctioned auction sites, which has led publishers to seek legal remedies to prevent their use based on intellectual-property claims.[31]

* The emergence of virtual crime, which can take the form of both fraud against the player or publisher of an online game, and even real-life acts of violence stemming from in-game transactions.[32]

Linking real-world and virtual economies is rare in MMORPGs, as it is generally believed to be detrimental to gameplay. If real-world wealth can be used to obtain greater, more immediate rewards than skillful gameplay, the incentive for strategic roleplay and real game involvement is diminished. It could also easily lead to a skewed hierarchy where richer players gain better items, allowing them to take on stronger opponents and level up more quickly than less wealthy but more committed players.[33]

[edit] Development
Players interacting in Ultima Online, a classic MMORPG.

The cost of developing a competitive commercial MMORPG title often exceeds $10 million.[34] These projects require multiple disciplines within game design and development such as 3D modeling, 2D art, animation, user interfaces, client/server engineering, database architecture, and network infrastructure.[35]

The front-end (or client) component of a commercial, modern MMORPG features 3D graphics. As with other modern 3D games, the front-end requires expertise with implementing 3D engines, real-time shader techniques and physics simulation. The actual visual content (areas, creatures, characters, weapons, spaceships and so forth) is developed by artists who typically begin with two-dimensional concept art, and later convert these concepts into animated 3D scenes, models and texture maps.[36]

Developing an MMOG server requires expertise with client/server architecture, network protocols, security, and relational database design. MMORPGs include reliable systems for a number of vital tasks. The server must be able to handle and verify a large number of connections, prevent cheating, and apply changes (bug fixes or added content) to the game. A system for recording the game’s data at regular intervals, without stopping the game, is also important.[37]

Maintenance requires sufficient servers and bandwidth, and a dedicated support staff. Insufficient resources for maintenance lead to lag and frustration for the players, and can severely damage the reputation of a game, especially at launch. Care must also be taken to ensure that player population remains at an acceptable level by adding or removing servers (”shards”). Peer-to-peer MMORPGs could theoretically work cheaply and efficiently in regulating server load, but practical issues such as asymmetrical network bandwidth and CPU-hungry rendering engines make them a difficult proposition. Additionally, they would probably become vulnerable to other problems including new possibilities for cheating. The hosted infrastructure for a commercial-grade MMORPG requires the deployment of hundreds (or even thousands) of servers. Developing an affordable infrastructure for an online game requires developers to scale to large numbers of players with less hardware and network investment.[38]

In addition, the development team will need to have expertise with the fundamentals of game design: world-building, lore and game mechanics,[39] as well as what makes games fun.[40]

[edit] Non-corporate development

Though the vast majority of MMORPGs are produced by companies, many small teams of programmers and artists have contributed to the genre. As shown above, the average MMORPG development project requires enormous investments of time and money, and running the game can be a long-term commitment. As a result, non-corporate (or independent, or “indie”) development of MMORPGs is less common compared with other genres. Still, many independent MMORPGs do exist, representing a wide spectrum of genres, gameplay types, and revenue systems.

Some independent MMORPG projects are completely open source, while others like PlaneShift feature proprietary content made with an open-source game engine. The developers of Endless Online have also released development information with details about their coding.[41]

The WorldForge project has been active since 1998 and formed a community of independent developers who are working on creating framework for a number of open-source MMORPGs.[42] The Multiverse Network is also creating a network and platform specifically for independent MMOG developers.[43]

[edit] Trends as of 2008

As there are a number of wildly different titles within the genre, and since the genre develops so rapidly, it is difficult to definitively state that the genre is heading in one direction or another. Still, there are a few obvious developments. One of these developments is the raid group quest, or “raid”,[44] which is an adventure designed for large groups of players (often twenty or more).

[edit] Instance dungeons

Another is the use of instance dungeons. These are game areas that are “copied” for individual groups, which keeps that group separated from the rest of the game world. This reduces competition, and also has the effect of reducing the amount of data that needs to be sent to and from the server, which reduces lag. Final Fantasy XI pioneered instanced dungeons with the BCNM and KSNM system (Burning Circle or Kindred Seal, Notorious Monster) for smaller groups (2-18 people), Limbus & Dynamis for larger alliances (6-64 people), as well as Instanced PvP in Brenner and Ballista. World of Warcraft’s “raids”, mentioned above, are often instance dungeons, as are all of the combat areas in Guild Wars. Also the creators of Ragnarok Online introduced an instanced dungeon called “Endless Tower”. This is, however, the only instanced dungeon in the game. Dungeon Runners is, like Guild Wars, instanced, excluding Player vs Player areas.

[edit] Solo play

Although these games are multiplayer, and intended to be played in groups for the best experience, most now provide solo content, or adventures a player character can do on their own. It can be difficult to find a group to adventure with, and this allows people to play the game without waiting around in safe areas like cities for a long period of time. This change turned out to be popular, and some of the older MMORPGs such as Dungeons & Dragons Online were retrofitted to make solo play easier. Adding to the popularity is a side effect: some people prefer to solo. To encourage players to continue grouping, many games reward grouping by giving grouped players bonuses such as more experience points than they would otherwise get soloing.

[edit] Player-created content

Increased amounts of “Player-created content” may be another trend.[45] From the beginning, the Ultima Online world included blank 30-page books that players could write in, collect into personal libraries and trade; in later years players have been able to design and build houses from the ground up. Some non-combat-based MMORPGs rely heavily on player-created content, including everything from simple animations to complete buildings using player-created textures and architecture like A Tale in the Desert. However, these games are very different from the far more popular “standard” MMORPGs revolving around combat and limited character trade skills. Player-created content in these games would be in the form of areas to explore, monsters to kill, quests to carry out and specific in-game items to obtain. The Saga of Ryzom was the first of these “standard” MMORPGs to offer players the ability to create this type of content.

[edit] Use of licenses

The use of licenses, common in other video game genres, has also appeared in MMORPGs. 2007 saw the release of The Lord of the Rings Online, based on J. R. R. Tolkien’s Middle-earth. Other licensed MMORPGs include The Matrix Online, based on the Matrix trilogy of films, Warhammer Online, based on Games Workshop’s table top game, Star Trek Online, Star Wars Galaxies, Champions Online and Age of Conan. Additionally, several licenses from television have been optioned for MMORPGs, for example Stargate Worlds, which is currently in development. The process is also apparently being applied in reverse, with James Cameron designing an MMORPG that will precede the film (Project 880) to which it is tied.[46]

[edit] Console-based MMORPGs

The first console-based MMORPG was Phantasy Star Online for the Sega Dreamcast, however, anticipation of the game at its time was known by few. In some parts of the world, Broadband communication was still a dream, a fact that didn’t help in spreading the genre.

Although console-based MMORPGs are considered more difficult,[47] the platform is gaining more attention. Funcom’s Age of Conan is to be released on the Xbox 360 in 2009,[48][49] Turbine, Inc. announced they are working on a console-based MMO,[50] and Sony Online Entertainment is working on DC Universe Online for the PC and PS3. Final Fantasy XI was originally released for PlayStation 2 and PC, but was later extended to Xbox 360, and later emulated as a PlayStation 2 game on the PlayStation 3. Also, Cryptic Studios will release Star Trek Online and Champions Online to both PC and console.[51]

[edit] See also

* History of MMORPGs
* List of MMORPGs
* List of free MMOGs
* List of text-based MMORPGs
* Comparison of MMORPGs
* Online game
* MOG
* MMOG
* MMOFPS
* MMORTS
* Private server

[edit] References

1. ^ Game Entertainment Europe
2. ^ IGN: Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn Preview
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Tobold (16 July 2003). “What IS an MMORPG actually?”. Tobold’s MMORPG Blog. http://mmorgzone.forumotion.com/index.htm. Retrieved on 2007-04-01.
4. ^ a b c Anissimov, Michael (2007). “What is an MMORPG?” (in English). wiseGEEK. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-mmorpg.htm. Retrieved on 2007-04-01.
5. ^ Chart of Subscriber Growth, http://www.mmogchart.com
6. ^ Parks Associates (2005). “Online Gaming Revenues to Triple by 2009″. http://www.parksassociates.com/press/press_releases/2005/gaming-1.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
7. ^ Harding-Rolls, Piers (PDF). Western World MMOG Market: 2006 Review and Forecasts to 2011. London, UK: Screen Digest. http://www.screendigest.com/reports/07westworldmmog/NSMH-6ZFF9N/sample.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
8. ^ Harding-Rolls, Piers (PDF). Subscription MMOGs: Life Beyond World of Warcraft. London, UK: Screen Digest. http://www.screendigest.com/press/releases/pdf/PR-LifeBeyondWorldOfWarcraft-240309.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-03-30.
9. ^ Loewald, Torino (2005). “World of Warcraft. MMORPG Suckage. And Other Stories”. blogspot.com. http://tonioloewald.blogspot.com/2005/02/world-of-warcraft.html. Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
10. ^ Cenarion Corner (2007). “RP, Where Hast Thou Gone?”. IGN.com. http://wowvault.ign.com/View.php?view=Columns.Detail&id=102. Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
11. ^ Indystar on game addiction
12. ^ “EVE Online: Breaks The Wall Yet Again!”. http://www.eveonline.com/news.asp?a=single&nid=2765&tid=1.
13. ^ a b c d e f Koster, Raph. “Online World Timeline”. http://www.raphkoster.com/gaming/mudtimeline.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
14. ^ “Welcome to the world of Meridian 59!”. http://www.meridian59.com/. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
15. ^ Snow, Blake (2008-01-23). “World of Warcraft addicts 10 million subscribers”. GamePro.com. http://www.gamepro.com/news.cfm?article_id=157968. Retrieved on 2008-06-15.
16. ^ Sherry Turkle (1997), Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet, ISBN 0-684-83348-4
17. ^ Yee, Nick (2006-03-20). “Life as a Guild Leader”. The Daedalus Project. http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/001516.php. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
18. ^ Yee, Nick (2006-08-29). “Time Spent in the Meta-Game”. The Daedalus Project. http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/001535.php. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
19. ^ Yee, Nick (2006-08-29). “An Ethnography of MMORPG Weddings”. The Daedalus Project. http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/000467.php. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
20. ^ Nardi, Harris (2006), Strangers and Friends: Collaborative Play in World of Warcraft, Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work
21. ^ Hussain, Zaheer (2008), Gender Swapping and Socializing in Cyberspace: An Exploratory Study
22. ^ Bartle Test of Gamer Psychology, http://www.gamerdna.com/bartle.php
23. ^ “Looking Back… World of Warcraft”. CVG. 2005-01-04. http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=131791. Retrieved on 2006-08-05.
24. ^ a b Privantu, Radu (2007-02-17). “Tips on Developing an MMO Economy, Part I”. DevMaster.net. http://www.devmaster.net/articles/mmo-economy/part1.php. Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
25. ^ Castronova, Edward. Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games. ISBN 0-226-09626-2, University Of Chicago Press
26. ^ Castronova (2007), Dragon Kill Points: a Summary White Paper, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=958945
27. ^ Whiting, Jason (2002-11-06). “Online Game Economies Get Real”. Wired News. http://www.wired.com/news/games/0,2101,55982,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
28. ^ Lee, James (2005-07-05). “Wage Slaves”. 1UP.com. http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3141815. Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
29. ^ Hof, Robert (2006-05-01). “My Virtual Life”. BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_18/b3982001.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
30. ^ Robert Shapiro (2003), How online games teach us about economics, http://www.slate.com/id/2078053/
31. ^ Blizzard Goes to War, http://terranova.blogs.com/terra_nova/2004/12/blizzard_goes_t.html
32. ^ BBC News (2005), Game Theft led to Fatal Attack, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4397159.stm
33. ^ “Gamble your life away in ZT Online”. http://www.danwei.org/electronic_games/gambling_your_life_away_in_zt.php.
34. ^ Adam Carpenter (2003), Applying Risk-Based Analysis to Play Balance RPGs, Gamasutra, http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20030611/carpenter_01.shtml
35. ^ Jon Radoff (2007), “Anatomy of an MMORPG,” PlayerVox, http://radoff.com/blog/2008/08/22/anatomy-of-an-mmorpg/
36. ^ Frank Luna (2006), “3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0c, a Shader Approach,” Worldware Publishing, ISBN 1-59822-016-0
37. ^ Jay Lee (2003), Gamasutra, Relational Database Guidelines for MMOGs, http://www.gamasutra.com/resource_guide/20030916/lee_01.shtml
38. ^ GDC Proceedings 2005, Online Game Architecture: Back-End Strategies, http://www.gamasutra.com/gdc2005/features/20050310/esbensen_01.shtml
39. ^ Chris Crawford (2003), Chris Crawford on Game Design, New Riders Games, ISBN 0-13-146099-4
40. ^ Koster and Wright (2004), “A Theory of Fun for Game Design,” Paraglyph Press, ISBN 1-932111-97-2
41. ^ “Endless Online Technical Information”. http://www.endless-online.com/information.html. Retrieved on 11 M a r c h 2007.
42. ^ “WorldForge History”. http://worldforge.org/doc/history. Retrieved on 11 M a r c h 2007.
43. ^ “About Multiverse”. Multiverse. http://www.multiverse.net/about/index.jsp?cid=5&scid=0. Retrieved on 11 M a r c h 2007.
44. ^ Wilson, Steve (December 14, 2006). “Casual Play: Raiding Needs to Die”. http://www.mmorpg.com/showFeature.cfm/loadFeature/1028. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
45. ^ Jon Radoff (March 20, 2007), Gamasutra, Five Prescriptions for Viral Games, http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20070320/radoff_01.shtml
46. ^ James Cameron’s Game Theory, Business Week (February 13, 2006) http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_07/b3971073.htm
47. ^ “Analysis: Why Aren’t There More Console MMOs?”. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=18768.
48. ^ “Age of Conan dawning on 360″. http://www.gamespot.com/news/6163064.html.
49. ^ “Age of Conan 360 a year behind”. http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=93033.
50. ^ “Turbine Confirms Console MMO in the Works”. http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3168185.
51. ^ “Cryptic boards Star Trek Online”. http://www.gamespot.com/news/6195056.html. ]

[edit] External links

* The Daedalus Project – Nick Yee’s ongoing survey study of MMORPG players. Demographics, narratives and essays.
* Sleepless in the World of Warcraft – A wiki provided by Cornell University undergraduates researching social interaction via MMORPGs.
* Massively multiplayer online role-playing game at the Open Directory Project

[show]
v • d • e
Multiplayer online game
Types
Massively multiplayer online games · Massively multiplayer online role-playing game
History
Chronology of massively multiplayer online strategy video games ·
Concepts
Cooperative gameplay · Virtual economy · Social interaction · virtual world
See also
Online game (Browser game · Persistent browser-based game)
[show]
v • d • e
Video game genres
Action
Beat ‘em up · Fighting game · Platform game · Shooter game (First-person shooter · Light gun shooter · Shoot ‘em up · Tactical shooter · Third-person shooter)
Action-adventure
Stealth game · Survival horror
Adventure
Dating sim · Graphic adventure game (Escape the room) · Interactive fiction · Interactive movie · Visual novel
Role-playing
Action role-playing game · Computer role-playing game · Console role-playing game · MMORPG · MUD · Roguelike · Tactical role-playing game
Simulation
Construction and management simulation (Business · City · God · Government) · Life simulation (Pet · Social)
Strategy
4X game · Artillery game · Real-time strategy (Tower defense) · Real-time tactics · Turn-based strategy · Turn-based tactics · Wargame
Vehicle simulation
Flight simulator (Combat flight simulator) · Racing game (Sim racing) · Space flight simulator · Submarine simulator · Train simulator · Vehicular combat game
Other genres
Adult game/Eroge · Advergame · Art game · Christian game · Edugame · Exergame · Music game · Non-game · Party game · Programming game · Puzzle game (Hidden object game) · Serious game · Sports game · Traditional game
Related concepts
Audio game · Casual game · Minigame · Online game (Browser game · MMOG)
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game”
Categories: Video game genres | Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 | All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from April 2009
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Man
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about adult human males. For humans in general, see Human. For the word “man”, see Man (word).
Semi-protected
Michelangelo’s David is the classical image of youthful male beauty in Western art.
“Manhood” redirects here. For other uses, see Manhood (disambiguation).
“Men” redirects here. For other uses, see Men (disambiguation).

A man is a male human. The term man (irregular plural: men) is used for an adult human male, while the term boy is the usual term for a human male child or adolescent human male. However, man is sometimes used to refer to humanity as a whole. Sometimes it is also used to identify a male human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as “Men’s rights”.

The term “manhood” is used to refer variously to the condition of being male, male sexuality, or the actual reproductive organs.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Age and terminology
* 3 Biology and gender
o 3.1 Reproductive system
o 3.2 Karyotype
o 3.3 Illnesses
* 4 Sexual characteristics
* 5 Sex hormones
* 6 Masculinity
o 6.1 Characteristics
* 7 Culture and gender roles
o 7.1 Exclusively male roles
* 8 Further reading
* 9 See also
* 10 References

Etymology
Main article: Man (word)

The term man (from Proto-Germanic *mannaz “man, person”) and words derived from it can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their sex or age. This is indeed the oldest usage of “man”. The word developed into Old English man, mann “human being, person,” (cf. also German Mann, Old Norse maðr, Gothic manna “man”). Few argue that the term man is derived from Manu, the first human according to Hindu beliefs.

Age and terminology
Main article: Virility

The term manhood is used to describe the period in a human male’s life after he has trasitioned from boyhood, having passed through puberty, usually having attained male secondary sexual characteristics, and symbolises a male’s coming of age. The word man is used to mean any adult male. Many other words can also be used to mean an adult male such as guy, dude, buddy, bloke, fellow, chap and sometimes boy or lad, such as boys’ night out. The term manhood is associated with masculinity and virility, which refer to male qualities and male gender roles.

Biology and gender
Main article: Secondary sexual characteristics
Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man displays the proportions of a man.[1]

Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do have a role in sexual attraction. Most expressions of sexual dimorphism in humans are found in height, weight, and body structure, though there are always examples that do not follow the overall pattern. For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species.

Some examples of male secondary sexual characteristics in humans, those acquired as boys become men or even later in life, are:

* more pubic hair around penis and under arms
* more facial hair
* larger hands and feet than women
* broader shoulders and chest
* larger skull and bone structure
* greater muscle mass
* a more prominent Adam’s apple and deeper voice

Reproductive system
Human male reproductive anatomy and surroundings.

The sex organs of a man are part of the reproductive system, consisting of the penis, testicles, vas deferens, and the prostate gland. The male reproductive system’s function is to produce semen which carries sperm and thus genetic information that can unite with an egg within a woman. Since sperm that enters a woman’s uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The concept of fatherhood and family exists in human societies. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology.
Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining. Human males possess an XY combination.

Karyotype

The normal human karyotypes contain 21 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Normally karyotypes for men have both an X and a Y chromosome denoted 46,XY.

Illnesses

In general, men suffer from many of the same illnesses as women. In comparison to women, men suffer from slightly more illnesses.[citation needed] Male life expectancy is slightly lower than female life expectancy, although the difference has narrowed in recent years.

Sexual characteristics

In humans, the sex of an individual is generally determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. If a sperm cell carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be female (XX); if a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be male (XY). This is referred to as the XY sex-determination system and is typical of most mammals, but quite a few other sex-determination systems exist, including some that are non-genetic. The term primary sexual characteristics denotes the kind of gamete the gonad produces: The ovary produces egg cells in the female, and the testis produces sperm cells in the male. The term secondary sexual characteristics denotes all other sexual distinctions that play indirect roles in uniting sperm and eggs. Secondary sexual characteristics include everything from the specialized male and female features of the genital tract, to the brilliant plumage of male birds or facial hair of humans, to behavioral features such as courtship.

Sex hormones

In mammals, the hormones that influence sexual differentiation and development are androgens (mainly testosterone), which stimulate later development of the ovary. In the sexually undifferentiated embryo, testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian ducts, the penis, and closure of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. Another significant hormone in sexual differentiation is the Anti-müllerian hormone, which inhibits development of the Müllerian ducts.

For males during puberty, testosterone, along with gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland, stimulates spermatogenesis, along with the full sexual distinction of a human male from a human female, while women are acted upon by estrogens and progesterones to produce their sexual distinction from the human male.

Masculinity
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.
Main article: Masculinity
See also: Stereotype
Symbol of the planet/Roman god Mars, also used to indicate the male sex among animals that reproduce sexually.
A construction worker in 1942.

Enormous debate in Western societies has focused on perceived social, intellectual, or emotional differences between women and men. These differences are very difficult to quantify for both scientific and political reasons, though they tend to have a high expectancy for men.

Masculinity has its roots in genetics (see gender).[2][3] Therefore while masculinity looks different in different cultures, there are common aspects to its definition across cultures.[4] Sometimes gender scholars will use the phrase “hegemonic masculinity” to distinguish the most dominant form of masculinity from other variants. In the mid-twentieth century United States, for example, John Wayne might embody one form of masculinity, while Albert Einstein might be seen as masculine, but not in the same “hegemonic” fashion.

Machismo is a form of masculine culture. It includes assertiveness or standing up for one’s rights, responsibility, selflessness, general code of ethics, sincerity, and respect.[5]

Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many English words such as virtue and virulant (from the Latin vir meaning man) reflect this. An association with physical and/or moral strength is implied. Masculinity is associated more commonly with adult men than with boys.

A great deal is now known about the development of masculine characteristics. The process of sexual differentiation specific to the reproductive system of Homo sapiens produces a female by default. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome, however, interferes with the default process, causing a chain of events that, all things being equal, leads to testes formation, androgen production and a range of both natal and post-natal hormonal effects covered by the terms masculinization or virilization. Because masculinization redirects biological processes from the default female route, it is more precisely called defeminization.

There is an extensive debate about how children develop gender identities.

In many cultures displaying characteristics not typical to one’s gender may become a social problem for the individual. Among men, some non-standard behaviors may be considered a sign of homosexuality, while a girl who exhibits masculine behavior is more frequently dismissed as a “tomboy”. Within sociology such labeling and conditioning is known as gender assumptions and is a part of socialization to better match a culture’s mores. The corresponding social condemnation of excessive masculinity may be expressed in terms such as “machismo” or “testosterone poisoning.”

The relative importance of the roles of socialization and genetics in the development of masculinity continues to be debated. While social conditioning obviously plays a role, it can also be observed that certain aspects of the masculine identity exist in almost all human cultures.

The historical development of gender role is addressed by such fields as behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology, human ecology and sociobiology. All human cultures seem to encourage the development of gender roles, through literature, costume and song. Some examples of this might include the epics of Homer, the King Arthur tales in English, the normative commentaries of Confucius or biographical studies of the prophet Muhammad. More specialized treatments of masculinity may be found in works such as the Bhagavad Gita or bushido’s Hagakure.

Characteristics

Janet Saltzman Chafetz (1974, 35-36) describes seven areas of masculinity in general culture:

1. Physical — virile, athletic, strong, brave. Unconcerned about appearance and aging;
2. Functional — provider for family, defender of family from physical threat;
3. Sexual — sexually aggressive, experienced. Single status acceptable;
4. Emotional — unemotional, stoic, never crying;
5. Intellectual — logical, intellectual, rational, objective, practical;
6. Interpersonal — leader, dominating; disciplinarian; independent, free, individualistic; demanding;
7. Other Personal Characteristics — success-oriented, ambitious, aggressive, competitive, proud, egotistical, moral, trustworthy; decisive, uninhibited, adventurous.

None of these personality traits have been supported by scientific research.

A number of the above stereotypes were not perceived in the same way as today (i.e., their applications to particular aspects and spheres of life, such as work vs. home) until the 19th century, beginning with industrialization.[citation needed]

Culture and gender roles
Main article: Gender role
Pope Benedict XVI is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, a position that is reserved for men only.

Well into prehistoric culture, men are believed to have assumed a variety of social and cultural roles which are likely similar across many groups of humans. In hunter-gatherer societies, men were often if not exclusively responsible for all large game killed, the capture and raising of most or all domesticated animals, the building of permanent shelters, the defense of villages, and other tasks where the male physique and strong spatial-cognition were most useful. Some anthropologists believe that it may have been men who led the Neolithic Revolution and became the first pre-historical ranchers, as a possible result of their intimate knowledge of animal life.

Throughout history, the roles of men have changed greatly. As societies have moved away from agriculture as a primary source of jobs, the emphasis on male physical ability has waned. Traditional gender roles for working men typically involved jobs emphasizing moderate to hard manual labor (see Blue-collar worker), often with no hope for increase in wage or position. For poorer men among the working classes the need to support their families, especially during periods of industrial change and economic decline, forced them to stay in dangerous jobs working long arduous hours, often without retirement. Many industrialized countries have seen a shift to jobs which are less physically demanding, with a general reduction in the percentage of manual labor needed in the work force (see White-collar worker). The male goal in these circumstances is often of pursuing a quality education and securing a dependable, often office-environment, source of income.

The Men’s Movement is in part a struggle for the recognition of equality of opportunity with women, and for equal rights irrespective of gender, even if special relations and conditions are willingly incurred under the form of partnership involved in marriage. The difficulties of obtaining this recognition are due to the habits and customs recent history has produced. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement in recent decades, men in some societies now compete with women for jobs that traditionally excluded women. Some larger corporations have instituted tracking systems to try to ensure that jobs are filled based on merit and not just on traditional gender selection. Assumptions and expectations based on sex roles both benefit and harm men in Western society (as they do women, but in different ways) in the workplace as well as on the topics of education, violence, health care, politics, and fatherhood - to name a few. Research has identified anti-male sexism in some areas (a concept which must be distinguished and differentiated from the traditional anti-female sexism in its ubiquity and impact) which can result in what appear to be unfair advantages given to women.

The Parsons model was used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of barriers between gender roles.[6] The examples are based on the context of the culture and infrastructure of the United States. However, these extreme positions are rarely found in reality; actual behavior of individuals is usually somewhere between these poles. The most common ‘model’ followed in real life in the United States and Great Britain is the ‘model of double burden’.

Exclusively male roles

Some positions and titles are reserved for men only. For example, the position of Pope in the Roman Catholic Church is reserved for men only, as is its priesthood. The position of monarch (King in the case of a man) of a country has traditionally been reserved for men, as it usually passes to the eldest male child upon succession.

Further reading

* Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, Bell Hooks, The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and Representation, MIT Press 1995
* Pierre Bourdieu, Masculine Domination, Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press 2001
* Robert W. Connell, Masculinities, Cambridge : Polity Press, 1995
* Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power Berkley Trade, 1993 ISBN 0-425-18144-8
* Michael Kimmel (ed.), Robert W. Connell (ed.), Jeff Hearn (ed.), Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Sage Publications 2004

See also

* Andrology
* Barechested
* Fathers’ rights
* Gender and sexuality studies
* Gender differences
* Gender identity
* Guy
* Lists of Men
* Machismo
* Male chauvinism
* Masculinity
* Masculine psychology, discipline of

* Masculism
* Men’s health
* Men’s movement
* Men’s studies
* Men’s Rights
* Misandry
* Prostate cancer
* Patriarchy
* Testicular cancer
* Urology
* Virility (social traits of men)

References

1. ^ The Vitruvian man
2. ^ John Money, ‘The concept of gender identity disorder in childhood and adolescence after 39 years’, Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 20 (1994): 163-77.
3. ^ Laura Stanton and Brenna Maloney, ‘The Perception of Pain’, Washington Post, 19 December 2006.
4. ^ Donald Brown, Human Universals
5. ^ Mirande, Alfredo (1997). Hombres y Machos: Masculinity and Latino Culture, p.72-74. ISBN 0-8133-3197-8.
6. ^ Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.

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List of former United States senators
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the series:
United States Senate
Great Seal of the United States Senate
Members
Current
(by seniority · by age · by class)
Former
Hill committees (DSCC, NRSC) President pro tempore (list)
Dean · Presiding officer Party leaders and Assistants

Democratic Caucus
Republican Conference
Politics and procedure
Advice and consent
Closed session (list)
Cloture · Committees (list)
Executive session · Filibuster
History · Quorum · Quorum call
Recess appointment · Salaries
Seal · Standing Rules · Traditions
Unanimous consent
VPs’ tie-breaking votes
Places
United States Capitol
Senate office buildings
(Dirksen · Hart · Russell)

This is a complete list of all people who previously served in the United States Senate.

Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

[edit] A
Senator Years State Party
Joseph Carter Abbott 1868 - 1872 North Carolina Republican
James Abdnor 1981 - 1987 South Dakota Republican
Hazel Abel 1954 Nebraska Republican
James Abourezk 1973 - 1979 South Dakota Democratic
Spencer Abraham 1995 - 2001 Michigan Republican
John Adair 1805 - 1806 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
Alva B. Adams 1923 - 1924,
1933 - 1941 Colorado Democratic
Brock Adams 1987 - 1993 Washington Democratic
John Quincy Adams 1803 - 1808 Massachusetts Federalist
Robert H. Adams 1830 Mississippi Democratic
Stephen Adams 1852 - 1857 Mississippi Democratic
George D. Aiken 1941 - 1975 Vermont Republican
James L. Alcorn 1871 - 1877 Mississippi Republican
Nelson W. Aldrich 1881 - 1911 Rhode Island Republican
Russell A. Alger 1902 - 1907 Michigan Republican
Wayne Allard 1997 - 2009 Colorado Republican
J. Frank Allee 1903 - 1907 Delaware Republican
George Allen 2001 - 2007 Virginia Republican
Henry Justin Allen 1929 - 1930 Kansas Republican
James B. Allen 1969 - 1978 Alabama Democratic
John B. Allen 1889 - 1893,
1893 Washington Republican
Maryon Pittman Allen 1978 Alabama Democratic
Philip Allen 1853 - 1859 Rhode Island Democratic
William Allen 1837 - 1849 Ohio Democratic
William V. Allen 1893 - 1899,
1899 - 1901 Nebraska Populist
William B. Allison 1873 - 1908 Iowa Republican
Gordon L. Allott 1955 - 1973 Colorado Republican
Adelbert Ames 1870 - 1874 Mississippi Republican
Alexander O. Anderson 1840 - 1841 Tennessee Democratic
Clinton P. Anderson 1949 - 1973 New Mexico Democratic
Joseph Anderson 1797 - 1815 Tennessee Democratic-Republican
Wendell Anderson 1976 - 1978 Minnesota Democratic
Charles O. Andrews 1936 - 1946 Florida Democratic
Mark Andrews 1981 - 1987 North Dakota Republican
Levi Ankeny 1903 - 1909 Washington Republican
Henry B. Anthony 1859 - 1884 Rhode Island Republican
William S. Archer 1841 - 1847 Virginia Whig
David H. Armstrong 1877 - 1879 Missouri Democratic
John Armstrong, Jr. 1800 - 1802,
1803 - 1804 New York Democratic-Republican
William L. Armstrong 1979 - 1991 Colorado Republican
Samuel G. Arnold 1862 - 1863 Rhode Island Republican
John Ashcroft 1995 - 2001 Missouri Republican
Chester Ashley 1844 - 1848 Arkansas Democratic
Eli P. Ashmun 1816 - 1818 Massachusetts Federalist
Henry F. Ashurst 1912 - 1941 Arizona Democratic
David Rice Atchison 1843 - 1855 Missouri Democratic
Charles G. Atherton 1843 - 1849,
1853 New Hampshire Democratic
Warren Austin 1931 - 1946 Vermont Republican

[edit] B
Senator Years State Party
Nathan L. Bachman 1933 - 1937 Tennessee Democratic
Augustus O. Bacon 1895 - 1914 Georgia Democratic
George E. Badger 1846 - 1855 North Carolina Whig
Arthur P. Bagby 1841 - 1848 Alabama Democratic
James E. Bailey 1877 - 1881 Tennessee Democratic
Joseph W. Bailey 1901 - 1913 Texas Democratic
Josiah W. Bailey 1931 - 1946 North Carolina Democratic
Theodorus Bailey 1803 - 1804 New York Democratic-Republican
David Baird 1918 - 1919 New Jersey Republican
David Baird, Jr. 1929 - 1930 New Jersey Republican
David J. Baker 1830 Illinois Democratic
Edward D. Baker 1860 - 1861 Oregon Republican
Howard Baker, Jr. 1967 - 1985 Tennessee Republican
Lucien Baker 1895 - 1901 Kansas Republican
Abraham Baldwin 1799 - 1807 Georgia Democratic-Republican
Henry P. Baldwin 1879 - 1881 Michigan Republican
Raymond E. Baldwin 1946 - 1949 Connecticut Republican
Roger S. Baldwin 1847 - 1851 Connecticut Whig
Joseph H. Ball 1940 - 1942,
1943 - 1949 Minnesota Republican
L. Heisler Ball 1903 - 1905,
1919 - 1925 Delaware Republican
John H. Bankhead 1907 - 1920 Alabama Democratic
John H. Bankhead II 1931 - 1946 Alabama Democratic
James Barbour 1815 - 1825 Virginia Democratic-Republican
John S. Barbour, Jr. 1889 - 1892 Virginia Democratic
W. Warren Barbour 1931 - 1937,
1938 - 1943 New Jersey Republican
Thomas R. Bard 1900 - 1905 California Republican
Alben W. Barkley 1927 - 1949,
1955 - 1956 Kentucky Democratic
Dean Barkley 2002 - 2003 Minnesota Independence
Isaac D. Barnard 1827 - 1831 Pennsylvania Democratic
William H. Barnum 1876 - 1879 Connecticut Democratic
Robert W. Barnwell 1850 South Carolina Democratic
Frank A. Barrett 1953 - 1959 Wyoming Republican
Alexander Barrow 1841 - 1846 Louisiana Whig
Middleton P. Barrow 1882 - 1883 Georgia Democratic
Alexander G. Barry 1938 - 1939 Oregon Republican
William T. Barry 1814 - 1816 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
Bob Bartlett 1959 - 1968 Alaska Democratic
Dewey F. Bartlett 1973 - 1979 Oklahoma Republican
David Barton 1821 - 1824 Missouri Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1831 National Republican
Ross Bass 1964 - 1967 Tennessee Democratic
Richard Bassett 1789 - 1793 Delaware Federalist
William B. Bate 1887 - 1905 Tennessee Democratic
Ephraim Bateman 1826 - 1829 New Jersey National Republican
Isaac C. Bates 1841 - 1845 Massachusetts Whig
Martin W. Bates 1857 - 1859 Delaware Democratic
James A. Bayard, Jr. 1851 - 1864,
1867 - 1869 Delaware Democratic
James A. Bayard, Sr. 1804 - 1813 Delaware Federalist
Richard H. Bayard 1836 - 1839,
1841 - 1845 Delaware Whig
Thomas F. Bayard, Jr. 1922 - 1929 Delaware Democratic
Thomas F. Bayard, Sr. 1869 - 1885 Delaware Democratic
Birch Bayh 1963 - 1981 Indiana Democratic
James Glenn Beall 1953 - 1965 Maryland Republican
John Glenn Beall, Jr. 1971 - 1977 Maryland Republican
James B. Beck 1877 - 1890 Kentucky Democratic
J. C. W. Beckham 1915 - 1921 Kentucky Democratic
Asahel C. Beckwith 1893 Wyoming Democratic
Charles H. Bell 1879 New Hampshire Republican
James Bell 1855 - 1856 New Hampshire Whig
1856 - 1857 Republican
John Bell 1847 - 1853,
1853 - 1856 Tennessee Whig
1856 - 1859 American
Samuel Bell 1823 - 1824 New Hampshire Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1835 National Republican
Henry Bellmon 1969 - 1981 Oklahoma Republican
George H. Bender 1954 - 1957 Ohio Republican
Christie Benet 1918 South Carolina Democratic
Judah P. Benjamin 1853 - 1856 Louisiana Whig
1856 - 1861 Democratic
Wallace F. Bennett 1951 - 1974 Utah Republican
Alfred W. Benson 1906 - 1907 Kansas Republican
Elmer Austin Benson 1935 - 1936 Minnesota Farmer-Laborite
Thomas Hart Benton 1821 - 1824 Missouri Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1851 Democratic
William Benton 1949 - 1953 Connecticut Democratic
Lloyd Bentsen 1971 - 1993 Texas Democratic
John M. Berrien 1825 - 1829 Georgia Democratic
1841 - 1845,
1845 - 1847,
1847 - 1852 Whig
George L. Berry 1937 - 1938 Tennessee Democratic
James H. Berry 1885 - 1907 Arkansas Democratic
Thaddeus Betts 1839 - 1840 Connecticut Whig
Albert J. Beveridge 1899 - 1911 Indiana Republican
George M. Bibb 1811 - 1814 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
1829 - 1835 Democratic
William W. Bibb 1813 - 1816 Georgia Democratic-Republican
Alan Bible 1954 - 1974 Nevada Democratic
Joe Biden 1973 - 2009 Delaware Democratic
Asa Biggs 1855 - 1858 North Carolina Democratic
William Bigler 1856 - 1861 Pennsylvania Democratic
Theodore G. Bilbo 1935 - 1947 Mississippi Democratic
Hiram Bingham 1924 - 1933 Connecticut Republican
Kinsley S. Bingham 1859 - 1861 Michigan Republican
William Bingham 1795 - 1801 Pennsylvania Federalist
Hugo Black 1927 - 1937 Alabama Democratic
John Black 1832 - 1833 Mississippi Democratic
1833 - 1836 National Republican
1836 - 1838 Whig
Joseph C. S. Blackburn 1885 - 1897,
1901 - 1907 Kentucky Democratic
James G. Blaine 1876 - 1881 Maine Republican
John J. Blaine 1927 - 1933 Wisconsin Republican
Francis P. Blair, Jr. 1871 - 1873 Missouri Democratic
Henry W. Blair 1879 - 1885,
1885 - 1891 New Hampshire Republican
William A. Blakley 1957,
1961 Texas Democratic
Newton C. Blanchard 1894 - 1897 Louisiana Democratic
Coleman L. Blease 1925 - 1931 South Carolina Democratic
Jesse Bledsoe 1813 - 1814 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
Rufus Blodgett 1887 - 1893 New Jersey Democratic
Timothy Bloodworth 1795 - 1801 North Carolina Democratic-Republican
William Blount 1796 - 1797 Tennessee Democratic-Republican
Elijah Boardman 1821 - 1823 Connecticut Democratic-Republican
J. Caleb Boggs 1961 - 1973 Delaware Republican
Lewis V. Bogy 1873 - 1877 Missouri Democratic
Homer Bone 1933 - 1944 Washington Democratic
Newton Booth 1875 - 1881 California Anti-Monopolist
William E. Borah 1907 - 1940 Idaho Republican
Arthur I. Boreman 1869 - 1875 West Virginia Republican
David L. Boren 1979 - 1994 Oklahoma Democratic
Solon Borland 1848 - 1853 Arkansas Democratic
Rudy Boschwitz 1979 - 1991 Minnesota Republican
Joseph H. Bottum 1962 - 1963 South Dakota Republican
Charles D. J. Bouligny 1824 - 1829 Louisiana National Republican
Jonathan Bourne, Jr. 1907 - 1913 Oregon Republican
George S. Boutwell 1873 - 1877 Massachusetts Republican
Lemuel J. Bowden 1863 - 1864 Virginia Unionist
Thomas M. Bowen 1883 - 1889 Colorado Republican
Eva Bowring 1954 Nebraska Republican
James W. Bradbury 1847 - 1853 Maine Democratic
William Bradford 1793 - 1797 Rhode Island Federalist
Bill Bradley 1979 - 1997 New Jersey Democratic
Stephen R. Bradley 1791 - 1795,
1801 - 1813 Vermont Democratic-Republican
William O. Bradley 1909 - 1914 Kentucky Republican
James H. Brady 1913 - 1918 Idaho Republican
Nicholas F. Brady 1982 New Jersey Republican
Thomas Bragg 1859 - 1861 North Carolina Democratic
Lawrence Brainerd 1854 - 1855 Vermont Free Soiler
John Branch 1823 - 1829 North Carolina Democratic
Frank B. Brandegee 1905 - 1924 Connecticut Republican
Sam G. Bratton 1925 - 1933 New Mexico Democratic
John Breaux 1987 - 2005 Louisiana Democratic
John Breckinridge 1801 - 1805 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
John C. Breckinridge 1861 Kentucky Democratic
Sidney Breese 1843 - 1849 Illinois Democratic
Richard Brent 1809 - 1814 Virginia Democratic-Republican
Daniel B. Brewster 1963 - 1969 Maryland Democratic
Owen Brewster 1941 - 1952 Maine Republican
Calvin S. Brice 1891 - 1897 Ohio Democratic
John W. Bricker 1947 - 1959 Ohio Republican
Styles Bridges 1937 - 1961 New Hampshire Republican
Frank O. Briggs 1907 - 1913 New Jersey Republican
Frank P. Briggs 1945 - 1947 Missouri Democratic
Jesse D. Bright 1845 - 1862 Indiana Democratic
Joseph L. Bristow 1909 - 1915 Kansas Republican
Bill Brock 1971 - 1977 Tennessee Republican
William E. Brock 1929 - 1931 Tennessee Democratic
David C. Broderick 1857 - 1859 California Democratic
Richard Brodhead 1851 - 1857 Pennsylvania Democratic
Edward Brooke 1967 - 1979 Massachusetts Republican
Walker Brooke 1852 - 1853 Mississippi Whig
Smith W. Brookhart 1922 - 1926,
1927 - 1933 Iowa Republican
Charles W. Brooks 1940 - 1949 Illinois Republican
J. Melville Broughton 1948 - 1949 North Carolina Democratic
Edwin S. Broussard 1921 - 1933 Louisiana Democratic
Robert F. Broussard 1915 - 1918 Louisiana Democratic
Albert G. Brown 1854 - 1861 Mississippi Democratic
Arthur Brown 1896 - 1897 Utah Republican
Bedford Brown 1829 - 1840 North Carolina Democratic
B. Gratz Brown 1863 - 1867 Missouri Republican
Ernest S. Brown 1954 Nevada Republican
Ethan A. Brown 1822 - 1824 Ohio Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1825 National Republican
Fred H. Brown 1933 - 1939 New Hampshire Democratic
Hank Brown 1991 - 1997 Colorado Republican
James Brown 1813 - 1817,
1819 - 1823 Louisiana Democratic-Republican
John Brown 1792 - 1805 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
Joseph E. Brown 1880 - 1891 Georgia Democratic
Norris Brown 1907 - 1913 Nebraska Republican
Prentiss M. Brown 1936 - 1943 Michigan Democratic
Orville H. Browning 1861 - 1863 Illinois Republican
William G. Brownlow 1869 - 1875 Tennessee Republican
Jim Broyhill 1986 North Carolina Republican
Blanche Bruce 1875 - 1881 Mississippi Republican
William C. Bruce 1923 - 1929 Maryland Democratic
C. Norman Brunsdale 1959 - 1960 North Dakota Republican
Nathan P. Bryan 1911 - 1917 Florida Democratic
Richard Bryan 1989 - 2001 Nevada Democratic
William James Bryan 1907 - 1908 Florida Democratic
James Buchanan 1834 - 1845 Pennsylvania Democratic
C. Douglass Buck 1943 - 1949 Delaware Republican
Charles R. Buckalew 1863 - 1869 Pennsylvania Democratic
William A. Buckingham 1869 - 1875 Connecticut Republican
James L. Buckley 1971 - 1977 New York Conservative
Alexander Buckner 1831 - 1833 Missouri Democratic
Morgan G. Bulkeley 1905 - 1911 Connecticut Republican
Robert J. Bulkley 1930 - 1939 Ohio Democratic
William B. Bulloch 1813 Georgia Democratic-Republican
William J. Bulow 1931 - 1943 South Dakota Democratic
Dale Bumpers 1975 - 1999 Arkansas Democratic
Berkeley L. Bunker 1940 - 1942 Nevada Democratic
Thomas G. Burch 1946 Virginia Democratic
Jocelyn Birch Burdick 1992 North Dakota Democratic
Quentin N. Burdick 1961 - 1992 North Dakota Democratic
Edward R. Burke 1935 - 1941 Nebraska Democratic
Thomas A. Burke 1953 - 1954 Ohio Democratic
Elmer Burkett 1905 - 1911 Nebraska Republican
Edwin C. Burleigh 1913 - 1916 Maine Republican
Jacob Burnet 1828 - 1831 Ohio National Republican
Henry E. Burnham 1901 - 1913 New Hampshire Republican
Conrad Burns 1989 - 2007 Montana Republican
Ambrose Burnside 1875 - 1881 Rhode Island Republican
Aaron Burr 1791 - 1797 New York Democratic-Republican
James Burrill, Jr. 1817 - 1820 Rhode Island Federalist
Julius C. Burrows 1895 - 1911 Michigan Republican
Holm O. Bursum 1921 - 1925 New Mexico Republican
Harold H. Burton 1941 - 1945 Ohio Republican
Joseph R. Burton 1901 - 1906 Kansas Republican
Theodore E. Burton 1909 - 1915,
1928 - 1929 Ohio Republican
Prescott Bush 1953 - 1963 Connecticut Republican
Harlan J. Bushfield 1943 - 1948 South Dakota Republican
Vera C. Bushfield 1948 South Dakota Republican
Andrew Butler 1846 - 1857 South Carolina Democratic
Hugh A. Butler 1941 - 1954 Nebraska Republican
John M. Butler 1951 - 1963 Maryland Republican
Marion Butler 1895 - 1901 North Carolina Populist
Matthew Butler 1877 - 1895 South Carolina Democratic
Pierce Butler 1789 - 1795 South Carolina Federalist
1795 - 1796,
1802 - 1804 Democratic-Republican
William M. Butler 1924 - 1926 Massachusetts Republican
Harry F. Byrd, Jr. 1965 - 1970 Virginia Democratic
1970 - 1983 Independent
Harry F. Byrd, Sr. 1933 - 1965 Virginia Democratic
James F. Byrnes 1931 - 1941 South Carolina Democratic

[edit] C
Senator Years State Party
George Cabot 1791 - 1796 Massachusetts Federalist
Donelson Caffery 1892 - 1901 Louisiana Democratic
Harry P. Cain 1946 - 1953 Washington Republican
William M. Calder 1917 - 1923 New York Republican
Alexander Caldwell 1871 - 1873 Kansas Republican
John C. Calhoun 1832 - 1837 South Carolina Nullifier
1837 - 1843,
1845 - 1850 Democratic
Wilkinson Call 1879 - 1897 Florida Democratic
Johnson N. Camden 1881 - 1887,
1893 - 1895 West Virginia Democratic
Johnson N. Camden, Jr. 1914 - 1915 Kentucky Democratic
Angus Cameron 1875 - 1881,
1881 - 1885 Wisconsin Republican
J. Donald Cameron 1877 - 1897 Pennsylvania Republican
Ralph H. Cameron 1921 - 1927 Arizona Republican
Simon Cameron 1845 - 1849 Pennsylvania Democratic
1857 - 1861,
1867 - 1877 Republican
Alexander Campbell 1809 - 1813 Ohio Democratic-Republican
Ben Nighthorse Campbell 1993 - 1995 Colorado Democratic
1995 - 2005 Republican
George W. Campbell 1811 - 1814,
1815 - 1818 Tennessee Democratic-Republican
Frank J. Cannon 1896 - 1899 Utah Silver Republican
Howard W. Cannon 1959 - 1983 Nevada Democratic
Homer E. Capehart 1945 - 1963 Indiana Republican
Allen T. Caperton 1875 - 1876 West Virginia Democratic
Arthur Capper 1919 - 1949 Kansas Republican
Hattie Caraway 1931 - 1945 Arkansas Democratic
Thaddeus H. Caraway 1921 - 1931 Arkansas Democratic
Joseph M. Carey 1890 - 1895 Wyoming Republican
Robert D. Carey 1930 - 1937 Wyoming Republican
John S. Carlile 1861 - 1865 Virginia Unionist
John Griffin Carlisle 1890 - 1893 Kentucky Democratic
Frank Carlson 1950 - 1969 Kansas Republican
Edward W. Carmack 1901 - 1907 Tennessee Democratic
Jean Carnahan 2001 - 2002 Missouri Democratic
Matthew H. Carpenter 1869 - 1875,
1879 - 1881 Wisconsin Republican
Charles Carroll of Carrollton 1789 - 1792 Maryland Federalist
John A. Carroll 1957 - 1963 Colorado Democratic
Thomas Henry Carter 1895 - 1901,
1905 - 1911 Montana Republican
Edward P. Carville 1945 - 1947 Nevada Democratic
Clifford P. Case 1955 - 1979 New Jersey Republican
Francis H. Case 1951 - 1962 South Dakota Republican
Lyman R. Casey 1889 - 1893 North Dakota Republican
Lewis Cass 1845 - 1848,
1849 - 1857 Michigan Democratic
Eugene Casserly 1869 - 1873 California Democratic
Charles W. Cathcart 1852 - 1853 Indiana Democratic
Thomas B. Catron 1912 - 1917 New Mexico Republican
Alexander G. Cattell 1866 - 1871 New Jersey Republican
Jonathan Chace 1885 - 1889 Rhode Island Republican
John Chafee 1976 - 1999 Rhode Island Republican
Lincoln Chafee 1999 - 2007 Rhode Island Republican
Jerome B. Chaffee 1876 - 1879 Colorado Republican
Joseph W. Chalmers 1845 - 1847 Mississippi Democratic
George E. Chamberlain 1909 - 1921 Oregon Democratic
Ezekiel F. Chambers 1826 - 1834 Maryland National Republican
Henry H. Chambers 1825 - 1826 Alabama Democratic
Christopher G. Champlin 1809 - 1811 Rhode Island Federalist
A. B. “Happy” Chandler I 1939 - 1945 Kentucky Democratic
John Chandler 1820 - 1824 Maine Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1829 Democratic
William E. Chandler 1887 - 1889,
1889 - 1901 New Hampshire Republican
Zachariah Chandler 1857 - 1875,
1879 Michigan Republican
Virgil Chapman 1949 - 1951 Kentucky Democratic
Robert M. Charlton 1852 - 1853 Georgia Democratic
Dudley Chase 1813 - 1817 Vermont Democratic-Republican
1825 - 1831 National Republican
Salmon P. Chase 1849 - 1855 Ohio Free Soiler
1861 Republican
Dennis Chavez 1935 - 1962 New Mexico Democratic
Person C. Cheney 1886 - 1887 New Hampshire Republican
James Chestnut, Jr. 1858 - 1860 South Carolina Democratic
George M. Chilcott 1882 - 1883 Colorado Republican
Lawton Chiles 1971 - 1989 Florida Democratic
Horace Chilton 1891 - 1892,
1895 - 1901 Texas Democratic
William E. Chilton 1911 - 1917 West Virginia Democratic
Nathaniel Chipman 1797 - 1803 Vermont Federalist
Rufus Choate 1841 - 1845 Massachusetts Whig
Isaac P. Christiancy 1875 - 1879 Michigan Republican
Frank Church 1957 - 1981 Idaho Democratic
Joseph Cilley 1846 - 1847 New Hampshire Liberty
William C.C. Claiborne 1817 Louisiana Democratic-Republican
Moses E. Clapp 1901 - 1917 Minnesota Republican
Bennett Champ Clark 1933 - 1945 Missouri Democratic
Clarence D. Clark 1895 - 1917 Wyoming Republican
Daniel Clark 1857 - 1866 New Hampshire Republican
D. Worth Clark 1939 - 1945 Idaho Democratic
Dick Clark 1973 - 1979 Iowa Democratic
Joseph S. Clark 1957 - 1969 Pennsylvania Democratic
William A. Clark 1899 - 1900,
1901 - 1907 Montana Democratic
James P. Clarke 1903 - 1916 Arkansas Democratic
John Hopkins Clarke 1847 - 1853 Rhode Island Whig
Alexander S. Clay 1897 - 1910 Georgia Democratic
Clement Claiborne Clay 1853 - 1861 Alabama Democratic
Clement Comer Clay 1837 - 1841 Alabama Democratic
Henry Clay 1806 - 1807,
1810 - 1811 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
1831 - 1832 National Republican
1832 - 1842,
1849 - 1852 Whig
Henry D. Clayton 1913 Alabama Democratic
John M. Clayton 1829 - 1836 Delaware National Republican
1845 - 1849,
1853 - 1855 Whig
1855 - 1856 Oppositionist
Joshua Clayton 1798 Delaware Federalist
Powell Clayton 1871 - 1877 Arkansas Republican
Thomas Clayton 1824 - 1825 Delaware Federalist
1825 - 1827 National Republican
1837 - 1847 Whig
Max Cleland 1997 - 2003 Georgia Democratic
Jeremiah Clemens 1849 - 1853 Alabama Democratic
Earle C. Clements 1950 - 1957 Kentucky Democratic
Thomas L. Clingman 1858 - 1861 North Carolina Democratic
DeWitt Clinton 1802 - 1803 New York Democratic-Republican
Hillary Rodham Clinton 2001 - 2009 New York Democratic
Daniel R. Coats 1989 - 1999 Indiana Republican
Thomas W. Cobb 1824 - 1828 Georgia Democratic
William Cocke 1796 - 1797,
1797,
1799 - 1805 Tennessee Democratic-Republican
Francis M. Cockrell 1875 - 1905 Missouri Democratic
John S. Cohen 1932 - 1933 Georgia Democratic
William S. Cohen 1979 - 1997 Maine Republican
Richard Coke 1877 - 1895 Texas Democratic
Cornelius Cole 1867 - 1873 California Republican
Norm Coleman 2003 - 2009 Minnesota Republican
John E. Colhoun 1801 - 1802 South Carolina Democratic-Republican
Jacob Collamer 1855 - 1857 Vermont Oppositionist
1857 - 1865 Republican
Alfred H. Colquitt 1883 - 1894 Georgia Democratic
Walter T. Colquitt 1843 - 1848 Georgia Democratic
LeBaron B. Colt 1913 - 1924 Rhode Island Republican
Joseph P. Comegys 1856 - 1857 Delaware Oppositionist
B. B. Comer 1920 Alabama Democratic
John Condit 1803 - 1809,
1809 - 1817 New Jersey Democratic-Republican
Omar D. Conger 1881 - 1887 Michigan Republican
Roscoe Conkling 1867 - 1881 New York Republican
Tom Connally 1929 - 1953 Texas Democratic
John Conness 1863 - 1869 California Republican
Simon B. Conover 1873 - 1879 Florida Republican
Charles M. Conrad 1842 - 1843 Louisiana Whig
Marlow Cook 1968 - 1974 Kentucky Republican
Marcus A. Coolidge 1931 - 1937 Massachusetts Democratic
Henry Cooper 1871 - 1877 Tennessee Democratic
James Cooper 1849 - 1855 Pennsylvania Whig
John Sherman Cooper 1946 - 1949,
1952 - 1955,
1956 - 1973 Kentucky Republican
Royal S. Copeland 1923 - 1938 New York Democratic
Henry W. Corbett 1867 - 1873,
1897 - 1898 Oregon Republican
Guy Cordon 1944 - 1955 Oregon Republican
Thomas Corwin 1845 - 1850 Ohio Whig
Jon Corzine 2001 - 2006 New Jersey Democratic
Edward P. Costigan 1931 - 1937 Colorado Democratic
Norris Cotton 1954 - 1974,
1975 New Hampshire Republican
James J. Couzens 1922 - 1936 Michigan Republican
Paul Coverdell 1993 - 2000 Georgia Republican
Edgar Cowan 1861 - 1867 Pennsylvania Republican
Samuel C. Crafts 1842 - 1843 Vermont Whig
Aaron H. Cragin 1865 - 1877 New Hampshire Republican
Larry Craig 1991 - 2009 Idaho Republican
Winthrop Murray Crane 1904 - 1913 Massachusetts Republican
Alan Cranston 1969 - 1993 California Democratic
Coe I. Crawford 1909 - 1915 South Dakota Republican
William H. Crawford 1807 - 1813 Georgia Democratic-Republican
John A. J. Creswell 1865 - 1867 Maryland Republican
Edward D. Crippa 1954 Wyoming Republican
John J. Crittenden 1817 - 1819 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
1835 - 1841,
1842 - 1848 Whig
1855 - 1861 American
William E. Crow 1921 - 1922 Pennsylvania Republican
Robert Crozier 1873 - 1874 Kansas Republican
Charles Allen Culberson 1899 - 1923 Texas Democratic
Shelby Moore Cullom 1883 - 1913 Illinois Republican
John Culver 1975 - 1981 Iowa Democratic
Albert B. Cummins 1908 - 1926 Iowa Republican
Carl T. Curtis 1955 - 1979 Nebraska Republican
Charles Curtis 1907 - 1913,
1915 - 1929 Kansas Republican
Alfred Cuthbert 1835 - 1843 Georgia Democratic
Bronson M. Cutting 1927 - 1928,
1929 - 1935 New Mexico Republican
Charles Cutts 1810 - 1813 New Hampshire Democratic-Republican

[edit] D
Senator Years State Party
Alfonse M. D’Amato 1981 - 1999 New York Republican
David Daggett 1813 - 1819 Connecticut Federalist
Porter H. Dale 1923 - 1933 Vermont Republican
George M. Dallas 1831 - 1833 Pennsylvania Democratic
Tristram Dalton 1789 - 1791 Massachusetts Federalist
Judah Dana 1836 - 1837 Maine Democratic
Samuel W. Dana 1810 - 1821 Connecticut Federalist
John A. Danaher 1939 - 1945 Connecticut Republican
John C. Danforth 1977 - 1995 Missouri Republican
Charles E. Daniel 1954 South Carolina Democratic
John W. Daniel 1887 - 1910 Virginia Democratic
Price Daniel 1953 - 1957 Texas Democratic
Harry Darby 1949 - 1950 Kansas Republican
Tom Daschle 1987 - 2005 South Dakota Democratic
Franklin Davenport 1798 - 1799 New Jersey Federalist
Cushman Davis 1887 - 1900 Minnesota Republican
David Davis 1877 - 1883 Illinois Independent
Garrett Davis 1861 - 1872 Kentucky Democratic
Henry G. Davis 1871 - 1883 West Virginia Democratic
James J. Davis 1930 - 1945 Pennsylvania Republican
Jeff Davis 1907 - 1913 Arkansas Democratic
Jefferson Davis 1847 - 1851,
1857 - 1861 Mississippi Democratic
John Davis 1835 - 1836 Massachusetts National Republican
1836 - 1841,
1845 - 1853 Whig
Henry L. Dawes 1875 - 1893 Massachusetts Republican
William C. Dawson 1849 - 1855 Georgia Whig
Mark Dayton 2001 - 2007 Minnesota Democratic
Jonathan Dayton 1799 - 1805 New Jersey Federalist
William L. Dayton 1842 - 1851 New Jersey Whig
James De Wolf 1821 - 1824 Rhode Island Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1825 Democratic
William J. Deboe 1897 - 1903 Kentucky Republican
Dennis DeConcini 1977 - 1995 Arizona Democratic
Charles S. Deneen 1925 - 1931 Illinois Republican
George R. Dennis 1873 - 1879 Maryland Democratic
Jeremiah Denton 1981 - 1987 Alabama Republican
Chauncey Depew 1899 - 1911 New York Republican
William F. DeSaussure 1852 - 1853 South Carolina Democratic
Jean N. Destrehan 1812 Louisiana Democratic-Republican
Mike DeWine 1995 - 2007 Ohio Republican
Samuel Dexter 1799 - 1800 Massachusetts Federalist
Nathaniel B. Dial 1919 - 1925 South Carolina Democratic
Charles W. F. Dick 1904 - 1911 Ohio Republican
Mahlon Dickerson 1817 - 1824 New Jersey Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1833 Democratic
Daniel S. Dickinson 1844 - 1851 New York Democratic
Lester J. Dickinson 1931 - 1937 Iowa Republican
Philemon Dickinson 1790 - 1793 New Jersey Federalist
William H. Dieterich 1933 - 1939 Illinois Democratic
Charles H. Dietrich 1901 - 1905 Nebraska Republican
Clarence C. Dill 1923 - 1935 Washington Democratic
William P. Dillingham 1900 - 1923 Vermont Republican
Everett Dirksen 1951 - 1969 Illinois Republican
John Adams Dix 1845 - 1849 New York Democratic
Alan J. Dixon 1981 - 1993 Illinois Democratic
Archibald Dixon 1852 - 1855 Kentucky Whig
James Dixon 1857 - 1869 Connecticut Republican
Joseph M. Dixon 1907 - 1912 Montana Republican
1912 - 1913 Progressive
Nathan F. Dixon 1839 - 1842 Rhode Island Whig
Nathan F. Dixon III 1889 - 1895 Rhode Island Republican
Thomas J. Dodd 1959 - 1971 Connecticut Democratic
Augustus C. Dodge 1846 - 1855 Iowa Democratic
Henry Dodge 1848 - 1857 Wisconsin Democratic
Bob Dole 1969 - 1996 Kansas Republican
Elizabeth Dole 2003 - 2009 North Carolina Republican
Jonathan P. Dolliver 1900 - 1910 Iowa Republican
Joseph N. Dolph 1883 - 1895 Oregon Republican
Pete Domenici 1973 - 2009 New Mexico Republican
Peter H. Dominick 1963 - 1975 Colorado Republican
A. Victor Donahey 1935 - 1941 Ohio Democratic
Forrest C. Donnell 1945 - 1951 Missouri Republican
James R. Doolittle 1857 - 1869 Wisconsin Republican
Stephen W. Dorsey 1873 - 1879 Arkansas Republican
Paul Douglas 1949 - 1967 Illinois Democratic
Stephen A. Douglas 1847 - 1861 Illinois Democratic
Sheridan Downey 1939 - 1950 California Democratic
Solomon W. Downs 1847 - 1853 Louisiana Democratic
Wall Doxey 1941 - 1943 Mississippi Democratic
Charles D. Drake 1867 - 1870 Missouri Republican
Irving W. Drew 1918 New Hampshire Republican
John F. Dryden 1902 - 1907 New Jersey Republican
Henry A. du Pont 1895 - 1896,
1906 - 1917 Delaware Republican
T. Coleman du Pont 1921 - 1922,
1925 - 1928 Delaware Republican
Fred Dubois 1891 - 1896 Idaho Republican
1896 - 1897 Silver Republican
1901 - 1907 Democratic
Charles E. Dudley 1829 - 1833 New York Democratic
James H. Duff 1951 - 1957 Pennsylvania Republican
F. Ryan Duffy 1933 - 1939 Wisconsin Democratic
John Foster Dulles 1949 New York Republican
David Durenberger 1978 - 1995 Minnesota Republican
Charles Durkee 1855 - 1861 Wisconsin Republican
John A. Durkin 1975 - 1980 New Hampshire Democratic
Henry Dworshak 1946 - 1949,
1949 - 1962 Idaho Republican

[edit] E
Senator Years State Party
Thomas Eagleton 1969 - 1987 Missouri Democratic
Joseph H. Earle 1897 South Carolina Democratic
John Porter East 1981 - 1986 North Carolina Republican
James Eastland 1941,
1943 - 1979 Mississippi Democratic
John Eaton 1818 - 1821,
1821 - 1829 Tennessee Democratic-Republican
William W. Eaton 1875 - 1881 Connecticut Democratic
Zales Ecton 1947 - 1953 Montana Republican
Walter Evans Edge 1919 - 1929 New Jersey Republican
Alonzo J. Edgerton 1881 Minnesota Republican
J. Howard Edmondson 1963 - 1964 Oklahoma Democratic
George F. Edmunds 1866 - 1891 Vermont Republican
Edward I. Edwards 1923 - 1929 New Jersey Democratic
Elaine S. Edwards 1972 Louisiana Democratic
Henry W. Edwards 1823 - 1827 Connecticut Democratic
John Edwards 1792 - 1795 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
John Edwards 1999 - 2005 North Carolina Democratic
Ninian Edwards 1818 - 1824 Illinois Democratic-Republican
Davis Elkins 1911,
1919 - 1925 West Virginia Republican
Stephen Benton Elkins 1895 - 1911 West Virginia Republican
Allen Ellender 1937 - 1972 Louisiana Democratic
Christopher Ellery 1801 - 1805 Rhode Island Democratic-Republican
John Elliott 1819 - 1825 Georgia Democratic-Republican
Powhatan Ellis 1825 - 1826,
1827 - 1832 Mississippi Democratic
Oliver Ellsworth 1789 - 1796 Connecticut Federalist
Jonathan Elmer 1789 - 1791 New Jersey Federalist
Franklin H. Elmore 1850 South Carolina Democratic
Clair Engle 1959 - 1964 California Democratic
James E. English 1875 - 1876 Connecticut Democratic
John Wayles Eppes 1817 - 1819 Virginia Democratic-Republican
John Edward Erickson 1933 - 1934 Montana Democratic
Richard P. Ernst 1921 - 1927 Kentucky Republican
Sam Ervin 1954 - 1975 North Carolina Democratic
James B. Eustis 1876 - 1879,
1885 - 1891 Louisiana Democratic
Daniel J. Evans 1983 - 1989 Washington Republican
George Evans 1841 - 1847 Maine Whig
Josiah J. Evans 1853 - 1858 South Carolina Democratic
William M. Evarts 1885 - 1891 New York Republican
Edward Everett 1853 - 1854 Massachusetts Whig
Thomas Ewing 1831 - 1837 Ohio National Republican
1850 - 1851 Whig
William Lee D. Ewing 1835 - 1837 Illinois Democratic
John J. Exon 1979 - 1997 Nebraska Democratic

[edit] F
Senator Years State Party
James Graham Fair 1881 - 1887 Nevada Democratic
Charles W. Fairbanks 1897 - 1905 Indiana Republican
Lauch Faircloth 1993 - 1999 North Carolina Republican
John Fairfield 1843 - 1847 Maine Democratic
Albert B. Fall 1912 - 1921 New Mexico Republican
Paul J. Fannin 1965 - 1977 Arizona Republican
James T. Farley 1879 - 1885 California Democratic
Charles B. Farwell 1887 - 1891 Illinois Republican
Nathan A. Farwell 1864 - 1865 Maine Republican
Charles J. Faulkner 1887 - 1899 West Virginia Democratic
William C. Feazel 1948 Louisiana Democratic
Alpheus Felch 1847 - 1853 Michigan Democratic
Charles N. Felton 1891 - 1893 California Republican
Rebecca Latimer Felton 1922 Georgia Democratic
James Fenner 1805 - 1807 Rhode Island Democratic-Republican
Reuben Fenton 1869 - 1872 New York Republican
1872 - 1875 Liberal Republican
Homer S. Ferguson 1943 - 1955 Michigan Republican
Bert M. Fernald 1916 - 1926 Maine Republican
Woodbridge Nathan Ferris 1923 - 1928 Michigan Democratic
Orris S. Ferry 1867 - 1872 Connecticut Republican
1872 - 1875 Liberal Republican
1875 Republican
Thomas W. Ferry 1871 - 1883 Michigan Republican
Simeon D. Fess 1923 - 1935 Ohio Republican
William P. Fessenden 1854 - 1856 Maine Whig
1856 - 1864,
1865 - 1869 Republican
William Few 1789 - 1793 Georgia Democratic-Republican
Richard Stockton Field 1862 - 1863 New Jersey Republican
William Findlay 1821 - 1824 Pennsylvania Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1827 Democratic
Jesse J. Finley 1887 Florida Democratic
Hamilton Fish 1851 - 1856 New York Whig
1856 - 1857 Republican
James Fisk 1817 - 1818 Vermont Democratic-Republican
Graham N. Fitch 1857 - 1861 Indiana Democratic
Peter Fitzgerald 1999 - 2005 Illinois Republican
Thomas Fitzgerald 1848 - 1849 Michigan Democratic
Benjamin Fitzpatrick 1848 - 1849,
1853 - 1855,
1855 - 1861 Alabama Democratic
James W. Flanagan 1870 - 1875 Texas Republican
Ralph E. Flanders 1946 - 1959 Vermont Republican
Duncan U. Fletcher 1909 - 1936 Florida Democratic
Frank P. Flint 1905 - 1911 California Republican
George G. Fogg 1866 - 1867 New Hampshire Republican
Hiram L. Fong 1959 - 1977 Hawaii Republican
Samuel A. Foot 1827 - 1833 Connecticut National Republican
Solomon Foot 1851 - 1856 Vermont Whig
1856 - 1866 Republican
Henry S. Foote 1847 - 1852 Mississippi Democratic
Joseph B. Foraker 1897 - 1909 Ohio Republican
Wendell H. Ford 1975 - 1999 Kentucky Democratic
John Forsyth 1818 - 1819 Georgia Democratic-Republican
1829 - 1834 Democratic
Addison G. Foster 1899 - 1905 Washington Republican
Dwight Foster 1800 - 1803 Massachusetts Federalist
Ephraim H. Foster 1838 - 1839,
1843 - 1845 Tennessee Whig
Henry A. Foster 1844 - 1845 New York Democratic
Lafayette S. Foster 1855 - 1856 Connecticut Whig
1856 - 1867 Republican
Murphy J. Foster 1901 - 1913 Louisiana Democratic
Theodore Foster 1790 - 1801 Rhode Island Federalist
1801 - 1803 Democratic-Republican
Joseph S. Fowler 1866 - 1871 Tennessee Republican
Wyche Fowler 1987 - 1993 Georgia Democratic
Sheila Frahm 1996 Kansas Republican
Joseph I. France 1917 - 1923 Maryland Republican
John Brown Francis 1844 - 1845 Rhode Island Law and Order
Jesse Franklin 1799 - 1805,
1807 - 1813 North Carolina Democratic-Republican
James B. Frazier 1905 - 1911 Tennessee Democratic
Lynn Frazier 1923 - 1941 North Dakota Republican
J. Allen Frear, Jr. 1949 - 1961 Delaware Democratic
Frederick Frelinghuysen 1793 - 1796 New Jersey Federalist
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen 1866 - 1869,
1871 - 1877 New Jersey Republican
Joseph S. Frelinghuysen 1917 - 1923 New Jersey Republican
Theodore Frelinghuysen 1829 - 1835 New Jersey National Republican
John C. Fremont 1850 - 1851 California Republican
Bill Frist 1995 - 2007 Tennessee Republican
Eligius Fromentin 1813 - 1819 Louisiana Democratic-Republican
William P. Frye 1881 - 1911 Maine Republican
J. William Fulbright 1945 - 1975 Arkansas Democratic
Charles W. Fulton 1903 - 1909 Oregon Republican
William Savin Fulton 1836 - 1844 Arkansas Democratic

[edit] G
Senator Years State Party
John Gaillard 1805 - 1824 South Carolina Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1826 Democratic
Albert Gallatin 1793 - 1794 Pennsylvania Democratic-Republican
Jacob H. Gallinger 1891 - 1918 New Hampshire Republican
Robert J. Gamble 1901 - 1913 South Dakota Republican
David H. Gambrell 1971 - 1972 Georgia Democratic
Obadiah Gardner 1911 - 1913 Maine Democratic
Augustus H. Garland 1877 - 1885 Arkansas Democratic
Jake Garn 1975 - 1993 Utah Republican
Frank B. Gary 1908 - 1909 South Carolina Democratic
Edward James Gay 1918 - 1921 Louisiana Democratic
Charles Gayarré 1835 Louisiana Democratic
John H. Gear 1895 - 1900 Iowa Republican
John M. Gearin 1905 - 1907 Oregon Democratic
James Z. George 1881 - 1897 Mississippi Democratic
Walter F. George 1922 - 1957 Georgia Democratic
Obadiah German 1809 - 1815 New York Democratic-Republican
Peter G. Gerry 1917 - 1929,
1935 - 1947 Rhode Island Democratic
Henry S. Geyer 1851 - 1855 Missouri Whig
1855 - 1857 Democratic
Charles H. Gibson 1891 - 1897 Maryland Democratic
Ernest Willard Gibson 1933 - 1940 Vermont Republican
Ernest W. Gibson, Jr. 1940 - 1941 Vermont Republican
Paris Gibson 1901 - 1905 Montana Democratic
Randall L. Gibson 1883 - 1892 Louisiana Democratic
Abijah Gilbert 1869 - 1875 Florida Republican
William Branch Giles 1804 - 1815 Virginia Democratic-Republican
Frederick H. Gillett 1925 - 1931 Massachusetts Republican
Francis Gillette 1854 - 1855 Connecticut Free Soiler
Guy Mark Gillette 1936 - 1945,
1949 - 1955 Iowa Democratic
Nicholas Gilman 1805 - 1814 New Hampshire Democratic-Republican
Carter Glass 1920 - 1946 Virginia Democratic
John Glenn 1974 - 1999 Ohio Democratic
Otis F. Glenn 1928 - 1933 Illinois Republican
Guy D. Goff 1925 - 1931 West Virginia Republican
Nathan Goff, Jr. 1913 - 1919 West Virginia Republican
Phillips Lee Goldsborough 1929 - 1935 Maryland Republican
Robert H. Goldsborough 1813 - 1819 Maryland Federalist
1835 - 1836 National Republican
George Goldthwaite 1871 - 1877 Alabama Democratic
Barry Goldwater 1953 - 1965,
1969 - 1987 Arizona Republican
Charles Goodell 1968 - 1971 New York Republican
Benjamin Goodhue 1796 - 1800 Massachusetts Federalist
Frank R. Gooding 1921 - 1928 Idaho Republican
Chauncey Goodrich 1807 - 1813 Connecticut Federalist
James Gordon 1909 - 1910 Mississippi Democratic
John Brown Gordon 1873 - 1880,
1891 - 1897 Georgia Democratic
Albert Gore, Jr. 1985 - 1993 Tennessee Democratic
Albert Gore, Sr. 1953 - 1971 Tennessee Democratic
Christopher Gore 1813 - 1816 Massachusetts Federalist
Thomas Gore 1907 - 1921,
1931 - 1937 Oklahoma Democratic
Arthur P. Gorman 1881 - 1899,
1903 - 1906 Maryland Democratic
Slade Gorton 1981 - 1987,
1989 - 2001 Washington Republican
Charles C. Gossett 1945 - 1946 Idaho Democratic
Arthur R. Gould 1926 - 1931 Maine Republican
Bob Graham 1987 - 2005 Florida Democratic
Frank Porter Graham 1949 - 1950 North Carolina Democratic
William A. Graham 1840 - 1843 North Carolina Whig
Phil Gramm 1985 - 2003 Texas Republican
Elijah S. Grammer 1932 - 1933 Washington Republican
Rod Grams 1995 - 2001 Minnesota Republican
Mike Gravel 1969 - 1981 Alaska Democratic
Dixie Bibb Graves 1937 - 1938 Alabama Democratic
George Gray 1885 - 1899 Delaware Democratic
William Grayson 1789 - 1790 Virginia Democratic-Republican
James S. Green 1857 - 1861 Missouri Democratic
Theodore F. Green 1937 - 1961 Rhode Island Democratic
Albert C. Greene 1845 - 1851 Rhode Island Whig
Frank L. Greene 1923 - 1930 Vermont Republican
Ray Greene 1797 - 1801 Rhode Island Federalist
Andrew Gregg 1807 - 1813 Pennsylvania Democratic-Republican
Robert P. Griffin 1966 - 1979 Michigan Republican
James W. Grimes 1859 - 1869 Iowa Republican
Dwight Griswold 1952 - 1954 Nebraska Republican
Stanley Griswold 1809 Ohio Democratic-Republican
Asle Gronna 1911 - 1921 North Dakota Republican
James B. Groome 1879 - 1885 Maryland Democratic
La Fayette Grover 1877 - 1883 Oregon Democratic
Ernest Gruening 1959 - 1969 Alaska Democratic
Felix Grundy 1829 - 1838,
1839 - 1840 Tennessee Democratic
Joseph R. Grundy 1929 - 1930 Pennsylvania Republican
Joseph F. Guffey 1935 - 1947 Pennsylvania Democratic
Simon Guggenheim 1907 - 1913 Colorado Republican
Walter Guion 1918 Louisiana Democratic
James Gunn 1789 - 1797 Georgia Democratic-Republican
1797 - 1801 Federalist
Edward J. Gurney 1969 - 1974 Florida Republican
John Chandler Gurney 1939 - 1951 South Dakota Republican
James Guthrie 1865 - 1868 Kentucky Democratic
William M. Gwin 1850 - 1855,
1857 - 1861 California Democratic

[edit] H
Senator Years State Party
Chuck Hagel 1997 - 2009 Nebraska Republican
John S. Hager 1873 - 1875 California Democratic
Eugene Hale 1881 - 1911 Maine Republican
Frederick Hale 1917 - 1941 Maine Republican
John P. Hale 1847 - 1848 New Hampshire Independent Democratic
1848 - 1853,
1855 - 1856 Free Soiler
1856 - 1865 Republican
Wilton E. Hall 1944 - 1945 South Carolina Democratic
Morgan C. Hamilton 1870 - 1873 Texas Republican
1873 - 1875 Liberal Republican
1875 - 1877 Republican
William T. Hamilton 1869 - 1875 Maryland Democratic
Hannibal Hamlin 1848 - 1856 Maine Democratic
1856 - 1857,
1857 - 1861,
1869 - 1881 Republican
James Henry Hammond 1857 - 1860 South Carolina Democratic
Wade Hampton III 1879 - 1891 South Carolina Democratic
Mark Hanna 1897 - 1904 Ohio Republican
Robert Hanna 1831 - 1832 Indiana National Republican
Edward A. Hannegan 1843 - 1849 Indiana Democratic
Henry C. Hansbrough 1891 - 1909 North Dakota Republican
Clifford P. Hansen 1967 - 1978 Wyoming Republican
Alexander C. Hanson 1816 - 1819 Maryland Federalist
Martin D. Hardin 1816 - 1817 Kentucky Federalist
Benjamin F. Harding 1862 - 1865 Oregon Democratic
Warren G. Harding 1915 - 1921 Ohio Republican
Thomas W. Hardwick 1914 - 1919 Georgia Democratic
James Harlan 1855 - 1857 Iowa Free Soiler
1857 - 1865,
1867 - 1873 Republican
Robert G. Harper 1816 Maryland Federalist
William Harper 1826 South Carolina Democratic
John W. Harreld 1921 - 1927 Oklahoma Republican
Fred Roy Harris 1964 - 1973 Oklahoma Democratic
Ira Harris 1861 - 1867 New York Republican
Isham G. Harris 1877 - 1897 Tennessee Democratic
John S. Harris 1868 - 1871 Louisiana Republican
William A. Harris 1897 - 1903 Kansas Populist
William J. Harris 1919 - 1932 Georgia Democratic
Benjamin Harrison 1881 - 1887 Indiana Republican
Pat Harrison 1919 - 1941 Mississippi Democratic
William Henry Harrison 1825 - 1828 Ohio National Republican
Gary Hart 1975 - 1987 Colorado Democratic
Philip A. Hart 1959 - 1976 Michigan Democratic
Thomas C. Hart 1945 - 1946 Connecticut Republican
Vance Hartke 1959 - 1977 Indiana Democratic
James M. Harvey 1874 - 1877 Kansas Republican
Floyd K. Haskell 1973 - 1979 Colorado Democratic
Daniel O. Hastings 1928 - 1937 Delaware Republican
Carl Hatch 1933 - 1949 New Mexico Democratic
Henry D. Hatfield 1929 - 1935 West Virginia Republican
Mark Hatfield 1967 - 1997 Oregon Republican
Paul G. Hatfield 1978 Montana Democratic
William Hathaway 1973 - 1979 Maine Democratic
Henry P. Haun 1859 - 1860 California Democratic
Harry B. Hawes 1926 - 1933 Missouri Democratic
Albert W. Hawkes 1943 - 1949 New Jersey Republican
Benjamin Hawkins 1789 - 1791 North Carolina Federalist
1791 - 1795 Democratic-Republican
Paula Hawkins 1981 - 1987 Florida Republican
Joseph R. Hawley 1881 - 1905 Connecticut Republican
S. I. Hayakawa 1977 - 1983 California Republican
Carl Hayden 1927 - 1969 Arizona Democratic
Arthur P. Hayne 1858 South Carolina Democratic
Robert Y. Hayne 1823 - 1824 South Carolina Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1831 Democratic
1831 - 1832 Nullifier
Monroe Hayward 1899 Nebraska Republican
William H. Haywood, Jr. 1843 - 1846 North Carolina Democratic
George Hearst 1886,
1887 - 1891 California Democratic
Felix Hebert 1929 - 1935 Rhode Island Republican
Chic Hecht 1983 - 1989 Nevada Republican
Howell Heflin 1979 - 1997 Alabama Democratic
J. Thomas Heflin 1920 - 1931 Alabama Democratic
H. John Heinz III 1977 - 1991 Pennsylvania Republican
John Netherland Heiskell 1913 Arkansas Democratic
Henry Heitfeld 1897 - 1901 Idaho Populist
1901 - 1903 Democratic
Jesse Helms 1973 - 2003 North Carolina Republican
James A. Hemenway 1905 - 1909 Indiana Republican
John Hemphill 1859 - 1861 Texas Democratic
Charles B. Henderson 1918 - 1921 Nevada Democratic
James P. Henderson 1857 - 1858 Texas Democratic
John Henderson 1839 - 1845 Mississippi Whig
John B. Henderson 1862 - 1863 Missouri Unionist
1863 - 1865 Unconditional Unionist
1865 - 1869 Republican
Thomas A. Hendricks 1863 - 1869 Indiana Democratic
William Hendricks 1825 - 1837 Indiana National Republican
Robert C. Hendrickson 1949 - 1955 New Jersey Republican
Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. 1951 - 1960 Missouri Democratic
John Henry 1789 - 1797 Maryland Federalist
Frank Hereford 1877 - 1881 West Virginia Democratic
Clyde L. Herring 1937 - 1943 Iowa Democratic
Weldon B. Heyburn 1903 - 1912 Idaho Republican
Bourke B. Hickenlooper 1945 - 1969 Iowa Republican
John J. Hickey 1961 - 1962 Wyoming Democratic
Thomas H. Hicks 1862 - 1865 Maryland Unionist
Anthony Higgins 1889 - 1895 Delaware Republican
Benjamin H. Hill 1877 - 1882 Georgia Democratic
David B. Hill 1892 - 1897 New York Democratic
Isaac Hill 1831 - 1836 New Hampshire Democratic
Joshua Hill 1868 - 1873 Georgia Republican
J. Lister Hill 1938 - 1969 Alabama Democratic
Nathaniel P. Hill 1879 - 1885 Colorado Republican
William Luther Hill 1936 Florida Democratic
James Hillhouse 1796 - 1810 Connecticut Federalist
William Hindman 1800 - 1801 Maryland Federalist
Frank Hiscock 1887 - 1893 New York Republican
Gilbert Hitchcock 1911 - 1923 Nebraska Democratic
Herbert E. Hitchcock 1936 - 1938 South Dakota Democratic
Phineas Hitchcock 1871 - 1877 Nebraska Republican
George Frisbie Hoar 1877 - 1904 Massachusetts Republican
John Sloss Hobart 1798 New York Federalist
John D. Hoblitzell, Jr. 1958 West Virginia Republican
Kaneaster Hodges, Jr. 1977 - 1979 Arkansas Democratic
Clyde R. Hoey 1945 - 1954 North Carolina Democratic
Spessard Holland 1946 - 1971 Florida Democratic
Fritz Hollings 1966 - 2005 South Carolina Democratic
Henry F. Hollis 1913 - 1919 New Hampshire Democratic
Rufus C. Holman 1939 - 1945 Oregon Republican
David Holmes 1820 - 1825 Mississippi Democratic-Republican
John Holmes 1820 - 1824 Maine Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1827,
1829 - 1833 National Republican
Rush D. Holt Sr. 1935 - 1941 West Virginia Democratic
Albert J. Hopkins 1903 - 1909 Illinois Republican
Outerbridge Horsey 1810 - 1821 Delaware Federalist
Andrew J. Houston 1941 Texas Democratic
George S. Houston 1879 Alabama Democratic
Sam Houston 1846 - 1855 Texas Democratic
1855 - 1859 American
Guy V. Howard 1936 - 1937 Minnesota Republican
Jacob M. Howard 1862 - 1871 Michigan Republican
John E. Howard 1796 - 1803 Maryland Federalist
Timothy O. Howe 1861 - 1879 Wisconsin Republican
James B. Howell 1870 - 1871 Iowa Republican
Jeremiah B. Howell 1811 - 1817 Rhode Island Democratic-Republican
Robert B. Howell 1923 - 1933 Nebraska Republican
Benjamin Howland 1804 - 1809 Rhode Island Democratic-Republican
Roman Hruska 1954 - 1976 Nebraska Republican
Henry Hubbard 1835 - 1841 New Hampshire Democratic
Walter Huddleston 1973 - 1985 Kentucky Democratic
James W. Huffman 1945 - 1946 Ohio Democratic
Daniel Elliott Huger 1843 - 1845 South Carolina Democratic
Charles J. Hughes, Jr. 1909 - 1911 Colorado Democratic
Harold Hughes 1969 - 1975 Iowa Democratic
James H. Hughes 1937 - 1943 Delaware Democratic
William Hughes 1913 - 1918 New Jersey Democratic
Cordell Hull 1931 - 1933 Tennessee Democratic
Gordon J. Humphrey 1979 - 1990 New Hampshire Republican
Hubert Humphrey 1949 - 1964,
1971 - 1978 Minnesota Democratic
Muriel Humphrey 1978 Minnesota Democratic
Robert Humphreys 1956 Kentucky Democratic
Lester C. Hunt 1949 - 1954 Wyoming Democratic
John Hunter 1796 - 1798 South Carolina Democratic-Republican
Richard C. Hunter 1934 - 1935 Nebraska Democratic
Robert M. T. Hunter 1847 - 1861 Virginia Democratic
William Hunter 1811 - 1821 Rhode Island Federalist
Jabez W. Huntington 1840 - 1847 Connecticut Whig
Eppa Hunton 1892 - 1895 Virginia Democratic
Paul O. Husting 1915 - 1917 Wisconsin Democratic
Tim Hutchinson 1997 - 2003 Arkansas Republican

[edit] I
Senator Years State Party
John James Ingalls 1873 - 1891 Kansas Republican
John Irby 1891 - 1897 South Carolina Democratic
James Iredell, Jr. 1828 - 1831 North Carolina Democratic
Alfred Iverson, Sr. 1855 - 1861 Georgia Democratic
Irving Ives 1947 - 1959 New York Republican
Ralph Izard 1789 - 1795 South Carolina Federalist

[edit] J
Senator Years State Party
Andrew Jackson 1797 - 1798,
1823 - 1825 Tennessee Democratic-Republican
Henry M. Jackson 1953 - 1983 Washington Democratic
Howell E. Jackson 1881 - 1886 Tennessee Democratic
James Jackson 1793 - 1795,
1801 - 1806 Georgia Democratic-Republican
Samuel D. Jackson 1944 Indiana Democratic
William P. Jackson 1912 - 1914 Maryland Republican
Charles T. James 1851 - 1857 Rhode Island Democratic
Ollie M. James 1913 - 1918 Kentucky Democratic
Spencer Jarnagin 1843 - 1847 Tennessee Whig
Thomas Jordan Jarvis 1894 - 1895 North Carolina Democratic
Jacob Javits 1957 - 1981 New York Republican
Jim Jeffords 1989 - 2001 Vermont Republican
2001 - 2007 Independent
William E. Jenner 1944 - 1945,
1947 - 1959 Indiana Republican
Benning W. Jenness 1845 - 1846 New Hampshire Democratic
Roger Jepsen 1979 - 1985 Iowa Republican
Daniel T. Jewett 1870 - 1871 Missouri Republican
Andrew Johnson 1857 - 1862,
1875 Tennessee Democratic
Charles F. Johnson 1911 - 1917 Maine Democratic
Edwin C. Johnson 1937 - 1955 Colorado Democratic
Edwin S. Johnson 1915 - 1921 South Dakota Democratic
Henry Johnson 1818 - 1823 Louisiana Democratic-Republican
1823 - 1824 National Republican
1844 - 1849 Whig
Herschel V. Johnson 1848 - 1849 Georgia Democratic
Hiram Johnson 1917 - 1945 California Republican
Lyndon B. Johnson 1949 - 1961 Texas Democratic
Magnus Johnson 1923 - 1925 Minnesota Farmer-Laborite
Martin N. Johnson 1909 North Dakota Republican
Reverdy Johnson 1845 - 1849 Maryland Whig
1863 - 1868 Democratic
Richard M. Johnson 1819 - 1824 Kentucky Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1829 Democratic
Robert Ward Johnson 1853 - 1861 Arkansas Democratic
Waldo P. Johnson 1861 - 1862 Missouri Democratic
William S. Johnson 1789 - 1791 Connecticut Federalist
Bennett Johnston 1973 - 1997 Louisiana Democratic
John W. Johnston 1870 - 1871,
1871 - 1883 Virginia Democratic
Joseph F. Johnston 1907 - 1913 Alabama Democratic
Josiah S. Johnston 1824 - 1833 Louisiana National Republican
Olin D. Johnston 1945 - 1965 South Carolina Democratic
Rienzi M. Johnston 1913 Texas Democratic
Samuel Johnston 1789 - 1793 North Carolina Federalist
Benjamin F. Jonas 1879 - 1885 Louisiana Democratic
Andrieus A. Jones 1917 - 1927 New Mexico Democratic
Charles W. Jones 1875 - 1887 Florida Democratic
George Jones 1807 Georgia Democratic-Republican
George W. Jones 1848 - 1859 Iowa Democratic
James C. Jones 1851 - 1856 Tennessee Whig
1856 - 1857 Democratic
James K. Jones 1885 - 1903 Arkansas Democratic
John P. Jones 1873 - 1895 Nevada Republican
1895 - 1901 Silverite
1901 - 1903 Republican
Wesley L. Jones 1909 - 1932 Washington Republican
B. Everett Jordan 1958 - 1973 North Carolina Democratic
Leonard B. Jordan 1962 - 1973 Idaho Republican

[edit] K
Senator Years State Party
Elias Kane 1825 - 1835 Illinois Democratic
David Karnes 1987 - 1989 Nebraska Republican
Nancy Landon Kassebaum 1979 - 1997 Kansas Republican
Robert W. Kasten Jr. 1981 - 1993 Wisconsin Republican
William M. Kavanaugh 1913 Arkansas Democratic
Hamilton Fish Kean 1929 - 1935 New Jersey Republican
John Kean 1899 - 1911 New Jersey Republican
Thomas Kearns 1901 - 1905 Utah Republican
Kenneth Keating 1959 - 1965 New York Republican
Estes Kefauver 1949 - 1963 Tennessee Democratic
Frank B. Kellogg 1917 - 1923 Minnesota Republican
William P. Kellogg 1868 - 1872,
1877 - 1883 Louisiana Republican
James K. Kelly 1871 - 1877 Oregon Democratic
William Kelly 1822 - 1825 Alabama Democratic-Republican
James P. Kem 1947 - 1953 Missouri Republican
Dirk Kempthorne 1993 - 1999 Idaho Republican
John B. Kendrick 1917 - 1933 Wyoming Democratic
John E. Kenna 1883 - 1893 West Virginia Democratic
Anthony Kennedy 1857 - 1863 Maryland American
John F. Kennedy 1953 - 1961 Massachusetts Democratic
Robert F. Kennedy 1965 - 1968 New York Democratic
Richard R. Kenney 1897 - 1901 Delaware Democratic
Joseph Kent 1833 - 1837 Maryland Whig
William S. Kenyon 1911 - 1922 Iowa Republican
John W. Kern 1911 - 1917 Indiana Democratic
Francis Kernan 1875 - 1881 New York Democratic
John L. Kerr 1841 - 1843 Maryland Whig
Joseph Kerr 1814 - 1815 Ohio Democratic-Republican
Robert S. Kerr 1949 - 1963 Oklahoma Democratic
Bob Kerrey 1989 - 2001 Nebraska Democratic
David M. Key 1875 - 1877 Tennessee Democratic
Henry W. Keyes 1919 - 1937 New Hampshire Republican
Harley M. Kilgore 1941 - 1956 West Virginia Democratic
John Pendleton King 1833 - 1837 Georgia Democratic
Preston King 1857 - 1863 New York Republican
Rufus King 1789 - 1796,
1813 - 1825 New York Federalist
William H. King 1917 - 1941 Utah Democratic
William R. King 1819 - 1844,
1848 - 1852 Alabama Democratic
William F. Kirby 1916 - 1921 Arkansas Democratic
Samuel J. Kirkwood 1866 - 1867,
1877 - 1881 Iowa Republican
Aaron Kitchell 1805 - 1809 New Jersey Democratic-Republican
Alfred B. Kittredge 1901 - 1909 South Dakota Republican
Nehemiah R. Knight 1821 - 1824 Rhode Island Democratic-Republican
1824 - 1832 National Republican
1832 - 1841 Whig
William F. Knowland 1945 - 1959 California Republican
Philander Chase Knox 1904 - 1909,
1917 - 1921 Pennsylvania Republican
Bob Krueger 1993 Texas Democratic
Tom Kuchel 1953 - 1969 California Republican
James H. Kyle 1891 - 1901 South Dakota Populist

[edit] L
Senator Years State Party
Robert M. La Follette, Jr. 1925 - 1934 Wisconsin Republican
1934 - 1947 Progressive
Robert M. La Follette, Sr. 1905 - 1925 Wisconsin Republican
Abner Lacock 1813 - 1819 Pennsylvania Democratic-Republican
Edwin F. Ladd 1921 - 1925 North Dakota Republican
William R. Laird, III 1956 West Virginia Democratic
Lucius Q. C. Lamar 1877 - 1885 Mississippi Democratic
John Lambert 1809 - 1815 New Jersey Democratic-Republican
Harry Lane 1913 - 1917 Oregon Democratic
Henry Smith Lane 1861 - 1867 Indiana Republican
James H. Lane 1861 - 1866 Kansas Republican
Joseph Lane 1859 - 1861 Oregon Democratic
John Langdon 1789 - 1793 New Hampshire Federalist
1793 - 1801 Democratic-Republican
William Langer 1941 - 1959 North Dakota Republican
James Lanman 1819 - 1825 Connecticut Democratic-Republican
Elbridge G. Lapham 1881 - 1885 New York Republican
Octaviano A. Larrazolo 1928 - 1929 New Mexico Republican
Milton Latham 1860 - 1863 California Democratic
Asbury Latimer 1903 - 1908 South Carolina Democratic
Henry Latimer 1795 - 1801 Delaware Federalist
John Laurance 1796 - 1800 New York Federalist
Frank J. Lausche 1957 - 1969 Ohio Democratic
Paul Laxalt 1975 - 1987 Nevada Republican
Luke Lea 1911 - 1917 Tennessee Democratic
Edward L. Leahy 1949 - 1950 Rhode Island Democratic
Walter Leake 1817 - 1820 Mississippi Democratic-Republican
Blair Lee I 1914 - 1917 Maryland Democratic
Joshua B. Lee 1937 - 1943 Oklahoma Democratic
Richard Henry Lee 1789 - 1792 Virginia Democratic-Republican
Herbert H. Lehman 1949 - 1957 New York Democratic
Michael Leib 1809 - 1814 Pennsylvania Democratic-Republican
Benjamin W. Leigh 1834 - 1836 Virginia National Republican
Alton Asa Lennon 1953 - 1954 North Carolina Democratic
Irvine Lenroot 1918 - 1927 Wisconsin Republican
Dixon Hall Lewis 1844 - 1848 Alabama Democratic
J. Hamilton Lewis 1913 -
Men

Posted May 31, 2009 at 8:17 pm

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List of mass murderers and spree killers by number of victims
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with sourced additions.

This is a partial list of mass murders and spree killings perpetrated by individuals, organized by the number of dead victims, further divided into several subsections. The intention behind this list is not to provide a complete overview of incidents, otherwise it would grow out of proportions very soon, but concentrates on cases that stick out by their sheer number of victims. As there is often conflicting information about the number of dead and injured, which do not include the perpetrators themselves, in cases of uncertainty a range is given.

In colloquial language, the term mass murderer is commonly used to describe anyone who intentionally caused, directly or indirectly, the death of many people. This rather vague definition is applied on states, governments, organizations, groups or persons who order genocides, massacres, war crimes, terrorist acts or similar deeds and their perpetrators, as well as individuals who do not act on behalf of higher institutions, but out of their own personal motivations, like school shooters, spree killers, arsonists and even serial killers.

The focus of this list, lies on the latter group, individuals, with the restriction to persons who are directly responsible for each death, meaning targeting every single person separately. This excludes arsons, bombings, poisonings or other forms of mass murder where the perpetrator has no direct control on who will fall victim to his crime, but includes terrorist acts by lone gunmen which are later claimed to be perpetrated in the name of an organization, e.g. the Mercaz HaRav massacre. Furthermore, serial killers are also left out, because their modus operandi of killing, as well as their motivations are significantly different from common mass murderers and spree killers.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics mass murder is defined as “the murder of four or more victims at one location, within one event.” [1] In regards of this list, this definition is insufficient though, as it does not explain further what can be seen as “one location”, e.g. it leaves unclear if a neighbourhood is viewed as one location or as many, counting every house separately. It also does not explain if a whole shooting spree, stretching over hours or maybe days can be seen as one big event, or just as a sequence of smaller events. Further this definition does not include those who did not kill four or more, but set out with the intention to murder as many people as possible, e.g. Denis Lortie who killed three and therefore would not be a mass murderer, according to the above definition, but the 13 people he left injured certainly qualify his rampage as attempted mass murder.

Thus, this list will contain every case with at least one of the following features:

* Cases with six or more dead (excluding the perpetrator)
* Cases with a double digit number of victims (dead plus injured)
* “Mass murders by intention” with at least a dozen victims (dead plus injured)

For more comprehensive information which cases are included in every subsection, see there.

Generally, the deeds of individual mass murderers have in common that the attacks on their victims come in rather short succession without much time to “cool down” and their rampages rarely last longer than a few hours. Also, many of them do not survive their crimes themselves, either because they finish them by committing suicide, or get killed. Only very few get away uncaught.

Besides that, many distinctions can be made within the mass murderer category, though the transition from one group to the other can be smooth. For one there are mass murderers whose crimes are more or less spontaneous, like the case of Carl Brown, often involving alcohol abuse beforehand. On the other hand there are mass murderers who make extensive planning, sometimes months in advance before they put them into practice. Examples for this would be the Columbine massacre or the Virginia Tech massacre.
Then there are cases where the victims are very carefully chosen, either because of their relation to the perpetrator or their relation to each other. Those in this group are more likely to take great care to really kill their victims, but also often end up in killing everyone at hand. Typical examples would be family murders, attacks on ethnic or religious groups, or the notorious “hit list”. Other mass murderers do not have a certain target and kill people just at random without caring whom they are hitting, often simply moving from victim to victim.
Another distinction would be that some stick to one location, like George Hennard, while others keep moving.

The motivations behind mass murders can be many. From simple robbery, financial and social problems or religious fundamentalism and racism, to outright hatred towards the whole world, the motives cover a broad range, with revenge being maybe the most predominant of them all. Many mass murderers seem to suffer from depression or narcissism and are often stating to have been victims of bullying, mobbing or other forms of humiliation.[2]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Mass murders
* 2 Killing sprees
* 3 Hate crimes
* 4 Workplace killings
* 5 School massacres
* 6 Family slaughters
* 7 Other notable incidents
* 8 See also
* 9 References

[edit] Mass murders

This category contains incidents that occurred at one rather confined place - typical examples would be mosques and restaurants, as well as trains and planes - or somehow separate places that form some kind of compound, like mall and parking lot. Also included are incidents that happened in the open, where the perpetrator showed very limited movement, e.g. in the case of Ami Popper. Further all cases with uncertainty about the vastness of the crime scene are added here.
This section does not include school massacres or workplace killings, which form their own categories, or murders related to robberies with more than one offender.
↓ Perpetrator ↓ Date ↓ Year
↓ Location ↓ Country ↓ Killed
↓ Injured
↓ Additional Notes ↓ Ref. ↓
Turabaz
01.00
Punjab India
68

?
Shot by police [3]
1. Unknown Soldier
06.26
June 26 1994 Kampala Uganda
26

?
Killed by one of his victim’s father [4]
2. Hennard, George Jo
10.16
Oct. 16 1991 Killeen, TX U.S.
23

19-22
Committed suicide
3. Huberty, James Oliver
07.18
July 18 1984 San Diego, CA U.S.
21

19
Shot by police
4. Unknown Police Officer
04.15
April 15 1983 Asureti Uganda
21

?
Committed suicide [5]
5. Unknown
04.01
April 1 1978 Vientiane Laos
16

50
[6]
5.9

Abz

01.32

1900.9

Fz

Az

2.9

09.9

Zz

5.9

Abz

01.32

1900.9

Fz

Az

2.9

09.9

Zz

6. Basobas, Florentine
05.09
May 9 1977 Palawan Philippines
15

4
Shot dead [7][8]
7. Leibacher, Friedrich
09.27
Sep. 27 2001 Zug Switzerland
14

18
Committed suicide
8. Unknown
06.09
June 9 1965 Kampong Bukit Merah Malaysia
14

?
[9]
9. Wong, Jiverly Antares
04.03
April 3 2009 Binghamton, NY U.S.
13

4
Committed suicide
10. Unknown Police Officer
12.26
Dec. 26 1994 Kampala Uganda
12

15
[10]
10.9

Anz

02.32

1909.9

Fz

Caz

2.9

09.9

Zz

10.9

Anz

02.32

1909.9

Fz

Caz

2.9

09.9

Zz

11. Obwara, Lazaro
07.28
July 28 1950 Kampala Uganda
12

?
[11]
12. Ben Jebir
03.26
March 26 1985 Fahs Tunisia
12

?
Committed suicide;
Killed an unborn child [12]
13. Thapa, Basudev
12.14
Dec. 14 2005 Chihandanda Nepal
11

19
Shot by soldiers
14. Mat Taram bin Sa’al
10.10
Oct. 10 1947 Kuala Lumpur Malayan Union
11

10
Found not guilty by reason of insanity [13]
15. Loy Yeung
08.22
Aug. 22 1928 Fairfield, CA U.S.
11

5
Sentenced to death [14]
15.9

Az

03.32

1919.9

Fz

Cz

2.9

09.9

Zz

15.9

Az

03.32

1919.9

Fz

Cz

2.9

09.9

Zz

16. Velasquez Lozano, Juan de Jesus
06.24
June 24 2000 Bogota Colombia
11

5
[15]
17. Caceres, Gregorio
02.18
Feb. 18 1942 Trujillo Venezuela
11

4
Killed [16]
18. Unknown
11.13
Nov. 13 1952 Barga Philippines
11

4
Shot dead [17]
19. Unknown Soldier
07.25
July 25 1967 Jakarta Indonesia
11

1+
[18]
20. Unknown
05.25?
May 25 1928 Kobe Japan
11

?
Committed suicide [19]
20.9

Bz

04.32

1923.9

Fz

Fz

2.9

09.9

Zz

20.9

Bz

04.32

1923.9

Fz

Fz

2.9

09.9

Zz

21. Abdullah Saleh Zaid al-Kohali
05.30
May 30 2008 Bait al-Aqari Yemen
10

15
Sentenced to death and executed [20]
22. Hajula
02.24
Feb. 24 1932 Malita Philippines
10

10
[21]
23. Unknown
04.07
April 7 2007 Silangkan Philippines
10

1
Shot by soldiers [22]
24. Unknown
09.13
Sep. 13 1954 Jorhat India
10

?
Killed [23]
25. Unknown
09.19?
Sep. 19 1960 Serlang Indonesia
10

?
[24]
25.9

Chz

05.32

1929.9

Fz

Gz

2.9

09.9

Zz

25.9

Chz

05.32

1929.9

Fz

Gz

2.9

09.9

Zz

26. Malagón González, Arnoldo
06.01
June 1 1993 Soacha Colombia
10

?
Arrested [25]
27. Twigg, Gilbert
08.13
Aug. 13 1903 Winfield, KS U.S.
9

25
Committed suicide [26]
28. Two unknown Moros
01.25
Jan. 25 1924 Philippines
9

19
Both were killed [27]
29. Bertucci, Clarence V.
07.08
July 8 1945 Salina, UT U.S.
9

19
Found not guilty by reason of insanity [28]
30. Toling, Antonio
& Toling, Jose
01.08
Jan. 8 1965 Santa Rosa City Philippines
9

7
Four more died by jumping out of the train;
Sentenced to death [29]
30.9

Cz

06.32

1939.9

Fz

Inz

2.9

09.9

Zz

30.9

Cz

06.32

1939.9

Fz

Inz

2.9

09.9

Zz

31. Yang Mingxin
06.23
June 23 1998 Chenggu China
9

3
[30]
32. Sunan
07.08
July 8 1846 Penang Malaysia
9

2
Sentenced to death and executed [31]
33. Yan Jianzhong
(闫建忠)
09.07
Sep. 7 2002 Beijing China
9

1
Sentenced to death and executed [32]
34. Mohsin Yahya Munassar Al-Hilali
07.30
July 30 2003 Mish’al Yemen
9

1
Sentenced to death [33][34]
35. Unknown
01.15?
Jan. 15 1932 Bethlehem South Africa
9

?
[35]
36. Foong Mok
01.16
Jan. 16 1946 Kampong Kayan Malaysia
9

?
Arrested [36]
35.9

Ez

07.32

1949.9

Fz

Iz

2.9

09.9

Zz

35.9

Ez

07.32

1949.9

Fz

Iz

2.9

09.9

Zz

37. Unknown
01.22
Jan. 22 1961
9

?
[37]
38. Kuntz, Bernhard 1585 Wangen im Allgäu Holy Roman Empire
8-9

?
[38]
39. Unknown
11.27
Nov. 27 1968 South Korea
8-9

?
[39][40]
40. Unknown
04.28
April 28 1912 Steamboat
8

23
Shot dead [41]
41. Durn, Richard
03.27
March 27 2002 Nanterre France
8

19
Committed suicide
40.9

Fz

08.32

1955.9

Fz

Jaz

2.9

09.9

Zz

40.9

Fz

08.32

1955.9

Fz

Jaz

2.9

09.9

Zz

42. Unknown
10.01?
Oct. 1 1906 Malaysia
8

15
Killed [42]
43. Unknown Soldier
03.30
March 30 1981 Ovambo Namibia
8

12
[43]
44. Lihanno
06.02
June 2 1921 Tokyo Japan
8

9
Sentenced to life imprisonment [44]
45. Vitkovic, Frank
12.08
Dec. 8 1987 Melbourne Australia
8

5
Committed suicide
45.9

Goz

09.32

1959.9

Fz

Lz

2.9

09.9

Zz

45.9

Goz

09.32

1959.9

Fz

Lz

2.9

09.9

Zz

46. Khater, Suleiman
10.05
Oct. 5 1985 Ras Burqa Egypt
8

4
Sentenced to life imprisonment
47. Hawkins, Robert A.
12.05
Dec. 5 2007 Omaha, NE U.S.
8

4
Committed suicide
48. Collins, Melvin
11.06
Nov. 6 1948 Chester, PA U.S.
8

3
Committed suicide [45]
49. Brown, Carl Robert
08.20
Aug. 20 1982 Miami, FL U.S.
8

3
Killed by two witnesses [46]
50. Stewart, Robert Kenneth Wayne
03.29
March 29 2009 Carthage, NC U.S.
8

3
[47]
50.9

Gz

10.32

1964.9

Fz

Mz

2.9

09.9

Zz

50.9

Gz

10.32

1964.9

Fz

Mz

2.9

09.9

Zz

51. Longo, Gaetano
09.14
Sep. 14 1900 Pastona Italy
8

2
Committed suicide [48]
52. Unknown
08.06
Aug. 6 1927 Madrid Spain
8

2
[49]
53. Unknown Soldier
03.26
March 26 1992 Ulan-Ude Russia
8

2
[50]
54. Abdullah Ahmed Barkani
04.27
April 27 1997 Mukayris Yemen
8

1
[51]
55. Chumkamnerd, Weenus
03.08
March 8 2008 Hat Yai Thailand
8

1
[52]
55.9

Hz

11.32

1966.9

Fz

Oz

2.9

09.9

Zz

55.9

Hz

11.32

1966.9

Fz

Oz

2.9

09.9

Zz

56. Mannings, Sholl
07.03
July 3 1914 Branchville, TX U.S.
8

0
[53]
57. Angerstein, Fritz
12.01
Dec. 1/2 1924 Haiger German Reich
8

0
Sentenced to death and executed;
Also killed a dog [54]
58. Speck, Richard Franklin
07.14
July 14 1966 Chicago, IL U.S.
8

0
Sentenced to death, later changed to 300 years in prison
59. Jian Xueliang
(简学良)
08.13
Aug. 13 2004 柞水县 China
8

0
Sentenced to death and executed [55]
60. Beukes, Sylvester
& Beukes, Gavin
03.04
March 4/5 2005 Kareeboomvloer Namibia
8

0
Killed an unborn child [56]
61. Unknown
05.09
May 9 1927 Kuti Federated Malay States
8

?
[57]
60.9

Jz

12.32

1967.9

Fz

Phz

2.9

09.9

Zz

60.9

Jz

12.32

1967.9

Fz

Phz

2.9

09.9

Zz

62. Sacopla, Andres
09.05
Sep. 5 1972 Philippines
8

?
[58]
63. Nabeneza, Germain
01.00
1994 Grande Montée Réunion Island
8

?

64. Two unknown Moros
02.21
Feb. 21 1933 Philippines
7-8

3
Both were killed [59]
65. Deckard, James
11.16
Nov. 16 1908 Okmulgee, OK U.S.
7

10
Shot by police [60]
66. Agdulos, Ernesto
03.31
March 31 1977 Zamboanga City Philippines
7

9
[61]
67. Negro, Jesus
11.30
Nov. 30 1988 Cebu Philippines
7

9
[62][63]
68. Ashbrook, Larry Gene
09.15
Sep. 15 1999 Fort Worth, TX U.S.
7

7
Committed suicide
69. Frankum, Wade John
08.17
Aug. 17 1991 Sydney Australia
7

6
Committed suicide
70. Ahmad Musa Dakamseh
03.13
March 13 1997 Peace Island Jordan
7

6
Sentenced to life imprisonment
71. Mucunguzi, Nicholas
05.02
May 2 2009 Kampala Uganda
7

6
Committed suicide or shot dead [64]
72. Unknown Police Officer
09.13
Sep. 13 1902 Malaga Spain
7

5
Shot by police [65]
73. Unknown
10.31
Oct. 31 1925 Klang Malaysia
7

5
Shot by police [66]
74. Mezowie, —
10.24
Oct. 24 1928 Kovel Poland
7

5
[67]
75. Unknown
11.05
Nov. 5 1949 Sungai Dua Malaysia
7

4-5
[68]
76. Unknown
10.07?
Oct. 7 1916 Lahad Datu Malaysia
7

4
Arrested [69]
77. Smith, Roland J.
12.08
Dec. 8 1995 New York City U.S.
7

4
Committed suicide [70]
78. Ratzmann, Terry
03.12
March 12 2005 Brookfield, WI U.S.
7

4
Committed suicide
79. Unknown Soldier
06.18
June 18 2007 Waat Sudan
7

3
Shot by soldiers [71]
80. Unknown
03.10
March 10 1966 Manila Philippines
7

2
[72]
81. Unknown
12.06
Dec. 6 1969 Kalgi India
7

2
[73]
82. Unknown
03.20
March 20 1901 Luxembourg German Reich
7

1+
[74]
83. Nelson, Martin
05.05
May 5 1885 Bonita City, NM U.S.
7

1
Shot dead [75]
84. Carlton, Julian
08.15
Aug. 15 1914 Spring Green, WI U.S.
7

1
[76]
65.9

Kiz

12.32

1969.9

Fz

Réz

2.9

09.9

Zz

65.9

Kiz

12.32

1969.9

Fz

Réz

2.9

09.9

Zz

85. Unknown
11.08
Nov. 8 1933 Lahore Indian Empire
7

1
[77]
86. Rovansek, Cyril J.
11.04
Nov. 4 1973 Cleveland, OH U.S.
7

1
Committed suicide [78]
87. Klemmensen, Abel
01.01
Jan. 1 1990 Narsaq Greenland
7

1
[79]
88. M., Anton
04.15
April 15 1998 Slavonski Brod Croatia
7

1
Committed suicide [80]
89. Graham, Stanley Eric George
10.08
Oct. 8/9 1941 Koiterangi New Zealand
7

0
Shot by police
80. Antonello, Mauro
10.15
Oct. 15 2002 Chieri Italy
7

0
Committed suicide [81]
70.9

Liz

12.32

1971.9

Fz

Soz

2.9

09.9

Zz

70.9

Liz

12.32

1971.9

Fz

Soz

2.9

09.9

Zz

91. Unknown
12.26?
Dec. 26 1898 Perak Malaysia
7

?
Arrested [82]
92. Unknown
02.23
Feb. 23 1900 Yokohama Japan
7

?
[83]
93. Unknown
09.08
Sep. 8 1906 Góra Kalwaria Russian Empire
7

?
[84]
94. Karapetyants, —
04.01
April 1 1907 Alexandropol Armenia
7

?
[85]
95. Unknown
07.23
July 23 1922 Herschel Island Canada
7

?
[86]
96. Unknown
02.21
Feb. 21 1968
7

?
[87]
75.9

Lz

1974.9

Fz

Sz

2.9

09.9

Zz

75.9

Lz

1974.9

Fz

Sz

2.9

09.9

Zz

97. Unknown
10.15
Oct. 15 1997 Yemen
7

?
[88]
98. Unknown Police Officer
03.23
March 23 1998 Kampala Uganda
7

?
Committed suicide [89]
99. Bono-Lino, Africano
10.15
Oct. 15 2006 Laguti Uganda
7

?
[90]
100. Two unknown Men
06.22
June 22 1952 Zamboanga Philippines
6

20
[91]
101. Ferguson, Colin
12.07
Dec. 7 1993 Garden City, NY U.S.
6

19
Sentenced to 315 years and eight months to life
80.9

Mcz

1979.9

Fz

Tz

2.9

09.9

Zz

80.9

Mcz

1979.9

Fz

Tz

2.9

09.9

Zz

102. Unknown Soldier
05.17
May 17 1985 Anuradhapura Sri Lanka
6

16
Shot by soldiers [92][93]
103. Unknown
06.14
June 14 1970 Philippines
6

15
[94]
104. Unknown Soldier
08.11
Aug. 11 1955 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
6

12-14
Committed suicide [95]
105. Ibrahim
06.05
June 5 1901 Singapore
6

9
Killed [96]
106. Rodriguez, Belanninio Antonio
03.26
March 26 1968 Valverde Province Dominican Republic
6

9
[97]
85.9

Miz

1982.9

Fz

U.Kz

2.9

09.9

Zz

85.9

Miz

1982.9

Fz

U.Kz

2.9

09.9

Zz

107. Mikolajczyk, Erwin
03.09
March 9 1994 Euskirchen Germany
6

8
Committed suicide [98][99]
108. Yusufu Ismail
02.20
Feb. 20 2005 Shanshan County China
6

8
Committed suicide [100]
109. Indian Gully
09.01
Sep. 1 1910 Willow Patch, NV U.S.
6

7
Shot dead [101]
110. Unknown
07.07
July 7 2008 Aden Yemen
6

6
[102]
111. Jamshid Soleimani
10.06
Oct. 6 2002 Mahalat Iran
6

5
Committed suicide [103]
112. Unknown
12.21
Dec. 21 1964 Luzon Philippines
6

4
[104]
90.9

Mz

1984.9

Fz

U.Sz

2.9

09.9

Zz

90.9

Mz

1984.9

Fz

U.Sz

2.9

09.9

Zz

113. Unknown Police Officer
01.06
Jan. 6 1967 Cairo Egypt
6

4
[105]
114. King Kyung-Yul
01.18
Jan. 18 1971 Kimpo South Korea
6

4
Committed suicide [106]
115. Yilmaz, Cevdet
04.05
April 5 1983 Delft The Netherlands
6

4
Sentenced to life imprisonment [107]
116. Cheon, Amu-gae
(천 아무개)
09.13
Sep. 13 2004 Yesan South Korea
6

4
[108]
117. Yang, Jia
07.01
July 1 2008 Shanghai China
6

4
Sentenced to death [109]
95.9

Nz

12.32

1985.9

Fz

Uz

2.9

09.9

Zz

95.9

Nz

12.32

1985.9

Fz

Uz

2.9

09.9

Zz

118. Crump, Wiley
09.21
Sep. 21 1961 Philipp, MS U.S.
6

3
Shot by police [110]
119. Unknown Police Officer
12.07
Dec. 7 1967 Savannakhet Laos
6

3
[111]
120. Nkurunziza, Viateur
05.10
May 10 1998 Gikongoro Rwanda
6

3
Shot dead [112]
122. Rajah Mansur
01.00
1870s Perak Malaysia
6

2
[113]
100.9

Pz

1989.9

Fz

Isz

2.9

09.9

Zz

100.9

Pz

1989.9

Fz

Isz

2.9

09.9

Zz

123. Unknown
01.06
Jan. 6 1899 Malaysia
6

2
[114]
124. Vang, Chai Soua
11.21
Nov. 21 2004 Birchwood, WI U.S.
6

2
Sentenced to six consecutive life terms plus seventy years [115]
125. Huff, Kyle Aaron
03.25
March 25 2006 Seattle, WA U.S.
6

2
Committed suicide
126. Davis, Arthur James
08.26
Aug. 26 1966 New Haven, CT U.S.
6

1
Sentenced to death [116][117]
127. Belachheb, Abdelkrim
06.29
June 29 1984 Dallas, TX U.S.
6

1
Sentenced to six consecutive life terms [118]
128. Feng, Guohui
04.28
April 28 1997 Yangjiang China
6

1

105.9

Rz

12.32

1991.9

Fz

Ez

2.9

09.9

Zz

105.9

Rz

12.32

1991.9

Fz

Ez

2.9

09.9

Zz

129. Wanyama, Andrew
09.27
Sep. 27 2007 Arua Uganda
6

1
Shot by soldiers [64][119]
130. Peterson, Tyler James
10.07
Oct. 7 2007 Crandon, WI U.S.
6

1
Committed suicide
131. Zhang Jinfu
(张金富)
08.02
Aug. 2 2008 Xuyang China
6

1
Sentenced to death [120]
132. Valle, Essrado
02.20
Feb. 20 1925 Guaymas Mexico
6

?
[121]
133. Unknown
02.18
Feb. 18 1957 Brisbane Australia
6

?
Committed suicide [122]
134. Unknown
01.22
Jan. 22 1961 Accra Ghana
6

?
[123]
135. Unknown
01.10
Jan. 10 1971 Mindanao Philippines
6

?
Shot dead [124]
110.9

Saz

1993.9

Fz

Gez

2.9

09.9

Zz

110.9

Saz

1993.9

Fz

Gez

2.9

09.9

Zz

136. Garcia, Rodelio
12.01
Dec. 1 1991 San Jose City Philippines
6

?
[125]
137. Milicic, Drago
02.02
Feb. 2 1992 Modran Bosnia-Herzegovina
6

?
[126]
138. Yego, Kibor
06.07
June 7 2006 Marakwet District Kenya
6

?
Arrested [127]
138. Unknown Soldier
05.11?
May 11 1973
6

?
Committed suicide [128]
138. Mclntyre, Henry J.
07.18
July 18 1916 Chicago, IL U.S.
5-6

3-5
Shot by police [129]
139. Unknown
03.19
March 19 1891 Lower Perak Malaysia
5

31
[130]
140. Abdallah Ahmed Yahia Zeid Ghassan
03.05
March 5 2004 Dhamar Yemen
5

30
Committed suicide [131]
115.9

Sez

1994.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

115.9

Sez

1994.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

141. Ayman Mohammed Hassan
11.25
Nov. 25 1990 Eilat Israel
5

26
Sentenced to 12 years [132]
142. Harris, Will
11.13
Nov. 13 1906 Asheville, NC U.S.
5

12
Shot dead [133]
143. Unknown
05.27
May 27 1899 Ship Dutch East Indies
5

11
Shot dead [134]
144. King, Alvin Lee
06.22
June 22 1980 Daingerfield, TX U.S.
5

10-11
Committed suicide while awaiting trial [135]
145. Uwabe, Yasuaki
09.29
Sep. 29 1999 Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Japan
5

10
Sentenced to death [136]
120.9

Sz

1996.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

120.9

Sz

1996.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

146. Semidovskiy, Sergey
(Сергей Семидовский)
08.24
Aug. 24 2002 Yaroslavka Russia
5

10
Committed suicide [137][138]
147. Nyambeng Enturan
06.06
June 6 2007 Ulu Engkabau Malaysia
5

9
[139][140]
148. Nordlund, John Filip
05.17
May 17 1900 Prins Carl ferry Sweden
5

8
Sentenced to death and executed
149. Unknown
02.01
Feb. 1 1927 Steamboat Philippines
5

7
[141]
150. Bernable, Alfredo K.
12.26
Dec. 26 1965 Mindoro Philippines
5

7
Arrested [142]
151. Unknown
06.27?
June 27 1976 Cebu City Philippines
5

7
Committed suicide [143]
152. Bergonia, George
04.30
April 30 1994 Baggao Philippines
5

7
[144]
153. Jeong Sang-jin
10.20
Oct. 20 2008 Seoul South Korea
5

7
Sentenced to death;
One more died by jumping out of a window [145]
125.9

Tz

12.32

1997.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

125.9

Tz

12.32

1997.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

154. Unknown
07.30
July 30 1970 Anumanpalli India
5

6
[146]
155. Gilzene, Vincent
06.26
June 26 1974 Brown’s Town Jamaica
5

6
Shot by police [147]
156. Zhang Qinhua
(张青华)
08.15
Aug. 15 2007 Fenjiagou Village China
5

6
[148]
157. Unknown
06.04
June 4 1964 Manado Indonesia
4

50
[149]
158. Mellberg, Dean Allen
06.20
June 20 1994 Fairchild Air Force Base U.S.
4

23
Shot by police
Killed an unborn child [150]
159. Moore, Lawrence W.
05.07
May 7 1981 Salem, Oregon U.S.
4

19-20
Sentenced to four consecutive life terms [151]
130.9

Unknown Pa

12.32

1999.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

130.9

Unknown Pa

12.32

1999.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

160. Zethraeus, Tommy
12.04
Dec. 4 1994 Stockholm Sweden
4

18-20
Sentenced to life imprisonment [152]
160. Unknown Soldier
09.24
Sep. 24 1956 Jerusalem Israel
4

17
[153]
161. Unknown
06.01?
June 1 1891 Segerie Indonesia
4

14
Arrested [154]
162. Nantjo
10.03
Oct. 3 2004 Kalora Indonesia
4

14
Killed by angry mob [155]
163. Allemand, Jean-Baptiste
07.21
July 21 1900 Goult France
4

8
[156]
164. Tirona, Andriano
12.29
Dec. 29 1948 Manila Philippines
4

8
[157]
165. Brousseau, Clarence
06.19
June 19 1949 Greater Sudbury Canada
4

8
Shot by police [158]
166. Unknown
04.15
April 15 1956 Nairobi Kenya
4

8
[159]
135.9

Unknown Pz

12.32

2002.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

135.9

Unknown Pz

12.32

2002.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

167. McLeod, Harvey Glenn
05.29
May 29 1972 Raleigh, NC U.S.
4

7
Committed suicide [160][161]
168. French, Kenneth Junior
08.06
Aug. 6 1993 Fayetteville, NC U.S.
4

7
Sentenced to four consecutive life terms plus 35 years
169. Peyerl, Martin
11.01
Nov. 1 1999 Bad Reichenhall Germany
4

7
Committed suicide;
Also killed his cat [162]
170. Klink, Herman
03.06
March 6 1933 Cleveland, OH U.S.
4

6
Shot by police [163]
171. Ting, —
06.21
June 21 1934 Peiping China
4

6
[164]
172. Unknown
10.26?
Oct. 26 1910 Penang Malaysia
4

6
Committed suicide while awaiting trial [165]
173. Allafort, Serge
10.04
Oct. 4 1972 Angouleme France
4

6
[166]
140.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2004.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

140.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2004.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

174. Abdul-Fattah Saleh Al-Ghamri
06.11
June 11 2004 Jabal Al-Lessi Yemen
4

6
Shot by police [167]
175. Pullen, Joe
12.14
Dec. 14 1923 Drew, MS U.S.
3-5

7-9
Shot dead;
According to local stories up to 19 dead and 40 injured [168]
176. Unknown
06.02
June 2 1982
3

39
[169]
177. Conway, Everet
05.19
May 19 1901 Evansville, IN U.S.
3

20
Committed suicide;
Also killed nine cows [170]
178. Unknown Police Officer
10.08
Oct. 8 1985 Djerba Tunisia
3

15
[171]
145.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2006.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

145.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2006.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

179. Unknown
08.25
Aug. 25 1960 Manila Philippines
3

14
[172]
180. Lortie, Denis
05.08
May 8 1984 Québec City Canada
3

13
Sentenced to life imprisonment
181. Unknown
07.01?
July 1 1909 Deli Dutch East Indies
3

11
[173]
182. Clark, Michael Andrew
04.25
April 25 1965 Santa Maria, CA U.S.
3

10
Committed suicide [174]
183. Aranda, Bennie Bonifacio
12.28
Dec. 28 1937 Oakland, CA U.S.
3

9-10
Sentenced to death [175]
184. Green, Napoleon
08.24
Aug. 24 1955 Manston U.K.
3

9
Committed suicide [176]
150.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

150.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

185. Mozingo, Douglas Arthur
10.01
Oct. 1 1982 Sacramento, CA U.S.
3

9
Committed suicide while awaiting trial [177]
186. Sacco, Angelo
06.28
June 28 2005 Bogogno Italy
3

9
Sentenced to life imprisonment [178]
187. Kiartipong Meksawat
05.23
May 23 2007 Pathum Thani Thailand
3

7-9
Shot by police [179][180]
188. Attebury, Ira
04.27
April 27 1979 San Antonio, TX U.S.
2

31-47
Committed suicide [181]
189. Bilas, Graciano
06.06
June 6 1931 RMS Empress of Canada
2

29
[182]
155.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

155.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

190. Qin Yulong
(秦玉龙)
08.15
Aug. 15 2007 Youyang County China
2

21
[183]
191. Unknown
03.26
March 26 1929 Hatton Sri Lanka
2

18
[184]
192. Casteel, Luther
04.14
April 14 2001 Elgin, IL U.S.
2

16
Sentenced to 15 life terms [185]
193. Cho Mun Chu
09.06
Sep. 6 1988 New York City U.S.
2

14
Shot by police [186][187]
194. Unknown
05.13
May 13 1909 Medan Dutch East Indies
2

11
[188]
195. Unknown
12.07
Dec. 7 1954 Singapore Singapore
2

11
[189]
196. K., Robert Kerby
11.17
Nov. 17 1986 Angoda Sri Lanka
2

10+
[190]
160.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

160.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

197. Pruyn, Kenyon William
10.30
Oct. 30 1976 Mechanicville, NY U.S.
2

9-11
[191]
198. Harrington, Robert
06.11
June 11 1982 Detroit, MI U.S.
1

38
[192]
199. Unknown
09.29
Sep. 29 1892 Penang Malaysia
1

17
[193]
200. Grasso, Angelo
06.12
June 12 1983 Catania Italy
1

12-25
[194][195]
201. Betz, Paul
01.02
Jan. 2 1922 Berlin German Reich
1

11-12
Arrested [196]
202. Unknown
03.18
March 18 1914 Bangkok Thailand
1

11
[197]
203. Unknown
11.09
Nov. 9 1918 Tanjong Balli Indonesia
1

11
[198]
204. Mazurski, Bogdan
09.09
Sep. 9 1959 Sydney Australia
1

10-22
[199][200]
165.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

165.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

205. Unknown
06.13
June 13 1914 SS Canopic
0

25
[201]
206. Unknown
11.17?
Nov. 17 1926 Hongpeng Singapore
0

20
[202]
207. Unknown
06.01
June 1 1919 Sydney Australia
0

17
Shot dead [203]
208. Xiong, —
06.06
June 6 1996 Guangzhou China
0

16
[204]
209. Griffiths, James
07.15
July 15 1969 Glasgow U.K.
0

15
Shot by police [205]
210. Morgan, David Cedric
12.08
Dec. 8 1994 Birmingham U.K.
0

15
[206]
211. Unknown
07.06
July 6 1996 Kokura Station Japan
0

15
[207]
212. Unknown
06.22
June 22 1966 Ship Philippines
0

14
Arrested [208]
170.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

170.9

Unknown Sz

12.32

2007.9

Fz

Zz

2.9

09.9

Zz

213. Unknown
05.25
May 25 1915 Tatubun
0

13
[209]
214. Evaristo Malisya
06.17
June 17 1991 Olongapo Philippines
0

13
[210]
215. Reeb, Henry H.
04.26
April 26 1940 Burlington, Iowa U.S.
0

12-20
Committed suicide [211]
216. Hikosaka, Masanori
10.17
Oct. 17 1958 Nagoya Japan
0

12
[212]

[edit] Killing sprees

The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics defines a spree killing as “killings at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders.”[213]

The classic form of the spree killer is “a killer on the run”, who rarely kills more than one or two on every occasion, while trying to evade capture - examples would be Charles Starkweather or Andrew Cunanan - but in recent times the term is more and more applied on any mass murderer who kills at two or more locations, though instead of the former their intention is rarely not to get caught, but to kill, even at the cost of their own life. This means that the classic spree killer is rarely a mass murderer in the common sense, nonetheless both forms can be found in this category, as well as mass murderers who are strolling the streets, like Michael Ryan or Howard Unruh. [214]
↓ Perpetrator ↓ Date ↓ Year
↓ Location ↓ Country ↓ Killed
↓ Injured
↓ Additional Notes ↓ Ref. ↓
1. Woo, Bum-Kon
04.26
April 26/27 1982 Uiryeong South Korea
56-62

34-37
Committed suicide
2. Unek, William
02.11

Feb. 11 1954
1957 Mahagi
Malampaka Belgian Congo
Tanganyika
21
36

?
?
Shot dead [215]
3. Bryant, Martin John
04.28
April 28/29 1996 Port Arthur, TAS Australia
35

21
Sentenced to 35 consecutive life terms
4. Toi, Mutsuo
05.21
May 21 1938 Kaio Japan
30

3
Committed suicide
5. Delgado Morales,
Campo Elias
12.04
Dec. 4 1986 Bogota Colombia
28-30

8-15
Shot by police
5.9

Baz

01.32

1912.9

Az

Az

0.9

0.9

Zz

5.9

Baz

01.32

1912.9

Az

Az

0.9

0.9

Zz

6. Tian Mingjian
09.20
Sep. 20 1994 Beijing China
23

30-80
Shot by police
7. Ryan, Michael Robert
08.19
Aug. 19 1987 Hungerford U.K.
16

15
Committed suicide;
Also shot his dog
8. Salazar, Domingo
10.11
Oct. 11 1956 Roxas, Palawan Philippines
16

1
Charged with multiple homicide;
Killed two unborn children [216]
9. Borel, Eric
09.23
Sep. 23/24 1995 Solliès-Pont & Cuers France
15

4-5
Committed suicide [217]
10. Antakin
05.27
May 27 1897 Kaningow British North Borneo
15

3
Shot dead [218]
10.9

Bz

02.32

1919.9

Bz

Bz

1.9

1.9

Zz

10.9

Bz

02.32

1919.9

Bz

Bz

1.9

1.9

Zz

11. Harphul Singh
07.23
July 23 1930 Tohana India
15

?
Already killed five people in the two years prior [3][219]
12. Wagner, Ernst August
09.04
Sep. 4 1913 Degerloch &
Mühlhausen/Enz German Reich
14-17

8-11
Found not guilty by reason of insanity;
Also shot two animals [220]
13. Unknown
06.10
June 10-12 1945 Rouen France
14

9
[221]
14. Dornier, Christian
07.12
July 12 1989 Luxiol France
14

8-9
Found not guilty by reason of insanity [222]
15. Two Unknown Men
01.10
Jan. 10-12 1937 Aksum Turkey
14

3
Shot dead [223]
15.9

Chz

03.32

1934.9

Cz

Caz

2.9

2.9

Zz

15.9

Chz

03.32

1934.9

Cz

Caz

2.9

2.9

Zz

16. Hu Wenhai &
Liu Haiwang
10.26
Oct. 26 2001 Dayukou China
14

3
Both were sentenced to death and executed [224]
17. de França, Genildo Ferreira
05.21
May 21/22 1997 Santo Antônio dos Barreiros Brazil
13-17

3
Shot by police [225]
18. Unknown Police Officer
12.04
Dec. 4 1977 Bulawayo Rhodesia
13

16
Shot by police [226]
19. Unruh, Howard Barton
09.06
Sep. 6 1949 Camden, NJ U.S.
13

3
Found not guilty by reason of insanity
20. Gray, David Malcolm
11.13
Nov. 13/14 1990 Aramoana New Zealand
13

3
Shot by police
20.9

Cz

04.32

1949.9

Dz

Chz

3.9

3.9

Zz

20.9

Cz

04.32

1949.9

Dz

Chz

3.9

3.9

Zz

21. Guo Zhongmin
(郭忠民)
02.18
Feb. 18 2003 Huludao China
13

0
Committed suicide [227]
22. Kalinga Boli
05.25
May 25 – June 7 1937 Tagan Philippines
13

?
[228]
23. Shi Yuejun
09.24
Sep. 24-29 2006 Liuhe & Tonghua county China
12

5
Sentenced to death and executed [229]
24. Duong Van Mon
08.08
Aug. 8 1998 Dak Lak Province Vietnam
12

2-6
[230]
25. Pough, James Edward
06.17
June 17/18 1990 Jacksonville, FL U.S.
11

6
Committed suicide [231]
25.9

Dz

05.32

1959.9

Gz

Fz

4.9

4.9

Zz

25.9

Dz

05.32

1959.9

Gz

Fz

4.9

4.9

Zz

26. Vukwana, Bulelani
02.09
Feb. 9 2002 East London South Africa
11

6
Committed suicide [232]
27. Flores, Oscar
07.31
July 31 2005 San Jerónimo de Juárez Mexico
11

2
Killed by angry mob or shot by police [233]
28. Qiu Xinghua
(邱兴华)
07.14
July 14/31 2006 Ankang & Suizhou China
11

2
Sentenced to death and executed [234]
29. Marimon, Jose
05.21
May 21 1928 Pasanant Spain
11

1+
Shot dead [235]
30. Starkweather, Charles
& Fugate, Caril Ann
11.30
Nov. 30
Jan. 21-29 1957
1958 Lincoln & Bennet, NE
Douglas, WY U.S.
11

0
Also killed a dog
and injured another
30.9

Fz

06.32

1969.9

Hz

Gz

5.9

5.9

Zz

30.9

Fz

06.32

1969.9

Hz

Gz

5.9

5.9

Zz

31. Guades, Danny
06.02
June 2 2007 Calbayog City Philippines
10

17
Killed an unborn child [236]
32. McLendon, Michael Kenneth
03.10
March 10 2009 Kinston, Samson & Geneva, AL U.S.
10

6
Committed suicide; Also killed four dogs [237]
33. Shageyev, Almaz &
Sukhorukov, Mikhail
02.04
Feb. 4/5 2002 Tatarstan Russia
9-10

2-4
Both were shot by police [238]
34. Delport, Callie
01.20
Jan. 20 1992 Ladysmith South Africa
9

19
Sentenced to 22 years [239]
35. Izquierdo, Antonio &
Izquierdo, Emilio
08.26
Aug. 26 1990 Puerto Hurraco Spain
9

6-12
Both were sentenced to 684 years in prison [240]
35.9

Gz

07.32

1974.9

Iz

Jz

6.9

6.9

Zz

35.9

Gz

07.32

1974.9

Iz

Jz

6.9

6.9

Zz

36. Swart, Stephanus A. J.
05.06
May 6 1927 Charlestown South Africa
9

3
Committed suicide [241]
37. Idrus Bin Hassan
02.07
Feb. 7 1973 Tampin Malaysia
9

3
Shot by police [242]
38. Contaoe, Marciano
05.21
May 21 1988 Manila Philippines
9

3
Sentenced to 300 years in prison [243]
39. Unknown Soldier
03.12
March 12 1935 Beirut Lebanon
9

2
[244]
40. Radosavljevic, Nikola
07.27
July 27 2007 Jabukovac Serbia
9

2
Attempted suicide
40.9

Hz

08.32

1979.9

Jz

Lz

7.9

7.9

Zz

40.9

Hz

08.32

1979.9

Jz

Lz

7.9

7.9

Zz

41. Silka, Michael Alan
04.28
April 28 /
May 17-19 1984 Manley Hot Springs, AK U.S.
9

1
Shot by police;
Killed an unborn child [245]
42. Matic, Mile
02.27
Feb. 27 1986 Doboj & Zenica Yugoslavia
9

0
[246]
43. Siavash Rahmani-Aqdam
11.26
Nov. 26 1998 Tehran Iran
8-14

6-11
Shot by police [247]
44. Jones, Walter &
Jones, William
09.28
Sep. 28 1913 Harriston, MS U.S.
8-12

14-20
Both were killed [248]
45. de Fiesta, Bernabe
05.18
May 18 2008 Hornalan Philippines
8

6
Shot by police;
Killed a dog and a cow [249]
45.9

Jz

09.32

1985.9

Kz

Mz

8.9

8.9

Zz

45.9

Jz

09.32

1985.9

Kz

Mz

8.9

8.9

Zz

46. Schwarz, Hermann
08.31
Aug. 31 /
Sep. 1 1912 Romanshorn Switzerland
8

5
[250]
47. Chen Xuerong
04.05
April 5 1993 Chongqing China
8

3
Committed suicide [251]
48. Chavez, Juan Rodriguez
& Fernandez, Hector
07.02
July 2-4 1995 Dallas, TX U.S.
8

3
Chavez was sentenced to death and executed [252]
49. Mateane, Chippa
04.03
April 3 2006 Gauteng South Africa
8

2
Shot by police
Killed an unborn child
Bystander run over and killed by police [253]
50. Zavistanovich, Leonard
02.17
Feb. 17 1998 Drauchiu Lithuania
8

1
Killed by angry mob [254]
50.9

Kz

10.32

1987.9

Lz

Nz

9.9

9.9

Zz

50.9

Kz

10.32

1987.9

Lz

Nz

9.9

9.9

Zz

51. Li Zhixing
(李志星)
04.21
April 21 2003 Malipo China
8

1
Committed suicide [255]
52. Nelson, Dale Merle
09.05
Sep. 5 1970 Creston, BC Canada
8

0-2
[256]
53. Pierce, Etheridge
03.26
March 26 /
March 29 1992 New York City & Rochester, NY U.S.
8

0
Sentenced to 75 years for three of the murders [257]
54. Xiong Zhenlin
(熊振林)
01.04
Jan. 4 2009 Luoyang Town China
8

0
Sentenced to death and executed [258]
55. Sheley, Nicholas Troy
06.26
June 26 – July 1 2008 Illinois & Arkansas U.S.
8

?
[259]
55.9

Lz

11.32

1989.9

Mz

Phz

10.9

12.9

Zz

55.9

Lz

11.32

1989.9

Mz

Phz

10.9

12.9

Zz

56. Phillips, Monroe
03.06
March 6 1915 Brunswick, GA U.S.
7

30-32
Shot dead [260]
57. Charles, Robert
07.23
July 23-27 1900 New Orleans, LA U.S.
7

20
Shot by police
58. Knight, Julian
08.09
Aug. 9 1987 Melbourne Australia
7

19
Sentenced to life imprisonment
59. Kato, Tomohiro
06.08
June 8 2008 Tokyo Japan
7

10

60. Bonner, William Ray
04.22
April 22 1973 Los Angeles, CA U.S.
7

8-9
Sentenced to life imprisonment [261]
61. Fernández Vázquez, Paulino
03.08
March 8 1989 Chantada Spain
7

6
Committed suicide [262]
62. Martel, Guy
06.19
June 19 1985 Brittany France
7

5
[263]
63. Čedić, Draga

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